Available in electronic format
Available in print format
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
ISSN 1088-9485(e) ISSN 0273-0979(p)
     

Elliptic algebro-geometric solutions of the KdV and AKNS hierarchies - an analytic approach

Author(s): Fritz Gesztesy; Rudi Weikard
Journal: Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (1998), 271-317.
MSC (1991): Primary 34L40, 35Q53, 35Q55; Secondary 34B30, 34L05, 35Q51
Retrieve article in: PDF DVI PostScript

Abstract | References | Similar articles | Additional information

Abstract: We provide an overview of elliptic algebro-geometric solutions of the KdV and AKNS hierarchies, with special emphasis on Floquet theoretic and spectral theoretic methods. Our treatment includes an effective characterization of all stationary elliptic KdV and AKNS solutions based on a theory developed by Hermite and Picard.


References:

1.
M. J. Ablowitz and P.A.Clarkson, Solitons, Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Inverse Scattering, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991. MR 93g:35108

2.
M. J. Ablowitz, D. J. Kaup, A. C. Newell, and H. Segur, The inverse scattering transform - Fourier analysis for nonlinear problems, Stud. Appl. Math. 53 (1974), 249-315. MR 56:9108

3.
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York, 1972. MR 94b:00012

4.
M. Adler and J. Moser, On a class of polynomials connected with the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Commun. Math. Phys. 61 (1978), 1-30. MR 58:18554

5.
H. Airault, H. P. McKean, and J. Moser, Rational and elliptic solutions of the Korteweg-deVries equation and a related many-body problem, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 30 (1977), 95-148. MR 58:31214

6.
N. I. Akhiezer, On the spectral theory of Lamé's equation, Istor.-Mat. Issled 23 (1978), 77-86, 357. (Russian). MR 82h:34029

7.
-, Elements of the Theory of Elliptic Functions, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1990. MR 91k:33016

8.
G. L. Alfimov, A. R. Its, and N. E. Kulagin, Modulation instability of solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Theoret. Math. Phys. 84 (1990), 787-793. MR 91h:35294

9.
P. É. Appell, Sur la transformation des équations différentielles linéaires, Comptes Rendus 91 (1880), 211-214.

10.
F. M. Arscott, Periodic Differential Equations, MacMillan, New York, 1964. MR 30:4006

11.
N. Asano and Y. Kato, Algebraic and Spectral Methods for Nonlinear Wave Equations, Longman, New York, 1990. MR 92d:35001

12.
O. Babelon and M. Talon, The symplectic structure of the spin Calogero model, Phys. Lett. A 236 (1997), 462-468. CMP 98:06

13.
M. V. Babich, A. I. Bobenko, and V. B. Matveev, Reductions of Riemann theta-functions of genus $g$ to theta-functions of lower genus, and symmetries of algebraic curves, Sov. Math. Dokl. 28 (1983), 304-308. MR 85f:14046

14.
-, Solutions of nonlinear equations integrable in Jacobi theta functions by the method of the inverse problem, and symmetries of algebraic curves , Math. USSR Izv. 26 (1986), 479-496. MR 87d:58069

15.
H. F. Baker, Note on the foregoing paper, ``Commutative ordinary differential operators,'' by J. L. Burchnall and J. W. Chaundy, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 118 (1928), 584-593.

16.
E. D. Belokolos, A. I. Bobenko, V. Z. Enol'skii, A. R. Its, and V. B. Matveev, Algebro-Geometric Approach to Nonlinear Integrable Equations, Springer, Berlin, 1994.

17.
E. D. Belokolos, A. I. Bobenko, V. B. Matveev, and V. Z. Enol'skii, Algebraic-geometric principles of superposition of finite-zone solutions of integrable non-linear equations, Russian Math. Surv. 41:2 (1986), 1-49. MR 87i:58078

18.
E. D. Belokolos and V. Z. Enol'skii, Verdier elliptic solitons and the Weierstrass theory of reduction, Funct. Anal. Appl. 23 (1989), 46-47. MR 90h:14059

19.
-, Isospectral deformations of elliptic potentials, Russ. Math. Surv. 44:5 (1989), 191-193. MR 91c:58046

20.
-, Reduction of theta functions and elliptic finite-gap potentials, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 87-117. MR 95j:35205

21.
D. Bennequin, Hommage à Jean-Louis Verdier: au jardin des systèmes intégrables , in Integrable Systems: The Verdier Memorial Conference (ed. by O. Babelon, P. Cartier, and Y. Kosmann-Schwarzbach), Birkhäuser, Boston, 1993, 1-36. MR 95g:01020

22.
G. D. Birkhoff, Existence and oscillation theorem for a certain boundary value problem, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 10 (1909), 259-270.

23.
B. Birnir, Complex Hill's equation and the complex periodic Korteweg-de Vries equations , Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 39 (1986), 1-49. MR 87f:58061

24.
-, Singularities of the complex Korteweg-de Vries flows, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 39 (1986), 283-305. MR 87k:58109

25.
-, An example of blow-up, for the complex KdV equation and existence beyond blow-up, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 47 (1987), 710-725. MR 88i:35139

26.
G. Borg, Eine Umkehrung der Sturm-Liouvilleschen Eigenwertaufgabe, Acta Math. 78 (1946), 1-96. MR 7:382d

27.
V. M. Buchstaber, V. Z. Enol'skii, and D. V. Leykin, Hyperelliptic Kleinian functions and applications, in Solitons, Geometry, and Topology: On the Crossroad, V. M. Buchstaber and S. P. Novikov Eds.), Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2), 179 (1997), 1-33. MR 98b:14029

28.
-, Kleinian functions, hyperelliptic Jacobians and applications, to appear in Revs. in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol. 10, S. Novikov and I. Krichever (eds.), Gordon & Breach, pp. 1-115.

29.
J. L. Burchnall and T. W. Chaundy, Commutative ordinary differential operators, Proc. London Math. Soc. Ser. 2 21 (1923), 420-440.

30.
-, Commutative ordinary differential operators, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 118 (1928), 557-583.

31.
-, Commutative ordinary differential operators. II.-The identity $P^n=Q^m,$ Proc. Roy. Soc. London A134 (1932), 471-485.

32.
H. Burkhardt, Elliptische Functionen, 2nd ed., Verlag von Veit, Leipzig, 1906.

33.
M. Buys and A. Finkel, The inverse periodic problem for Hill's equation with a finite-gap potential, J. Diff. Eqs. 55 (1984), 257-275. MR 86a:34052

34.
F. Calogero, Exactly solvable one-dimensional many-body problems, Lett. Nuovo Cim. 13 (1975), 411-416. MR 52:9728

35.
-, Motion of poles and zeros of special solutions of nonlinear and linear partial differential equations and related ``solvable'' many-body problems, Nuovo Cim. 43B (1978), 177-241. MR 80a:58023

36.
R. C. Carlson and K. R. Goodearl, Commutants of ordinary differential operators, J. Diff. Eqs. 35 (1980), 339-365. MR 81g:12025

37.
K. Chandrasekharan, Elliptic Functions, Springer, Berlin, 1985. MR 87e:11058

38.
D. V. Choodnovsky and G. V. Choodnovsky, Pole expansions of nonlinear partial differential equations, Nuovo Cim. 40B (1977), 339-353. MR 56:6722

39.
P. L. Christiansen, J. C. Eilbeck, V. Z. Enol'skii, and N. A. Kostov, Quasi-periodic solutions of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 451 (1995), 685-700. MR 96k:34081

40.
D. V. Chudnovsky, Meromorphic solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations and many-particle completely integrable systems, J. Math. Phys. 20 (1979), 2416-2422. MR 81h:35043

41.
D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky, Appendix I: Travaux de J. Drach (1919), Classical and Quantum Models and Arithmetic Problems (ed. by D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984, 445-453. MR 86i:34011

42.
E. A. Coddington and N. Levinson, Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations, Krieger, Malabar, 1985. MR 16:1022b

43.
E. Colombo, G. P. Pirola, and E. Previato, Density of elliptic solitons, J. reine angew. Math. 451 (1994), 161-169. MR 95e:58079

44.
L. A. Dickey, Soliton Equations and Hamiltonian Systems, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. MR 93d:58067

45.
R. K. Dodd, J. C. Eilbeck, J. D. Gibbon, and H. C. Morris, Solitons and Nonlinear Wave Equations, Academic Press, London, 1988. MR 84j:35142

46.
R. Donagi and E. Markman, Spectral covers, algebraically completely integrable, Hamiltonian systems, and moduli of bundles, in Integrable Systems and Quantum Groups (ed. by R. Donagi, B. Dubrovin, E. Frenkel, and E. Previato), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1620, Springer, Berlin, 1996, 1-119. MR 97h:14017

47.
R. Donagi and E. Witten, Supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and integrable systems, Nuclear Phys. B 460 (1996), 299-334. MR 97a:58076

48.
J. Drach, Sur les groupes complexes de rationalité et sur l'intégration par quadratures, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 167 (1918), 743-746.

49.
-, Détermination des cas de réduction de'léquation différentielle $d^2 y/dx^2=[\phi(x)+h]y$, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 168 (1919), 47-50.

50.
-, Sur l'intégration par quadratures de'léquation $d^2 y/dx^2=[\phi(x)+h]y$ , C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 168 (1919), 337-340.

51.
P. G. Drazin and R. S. Johnson, Solitons: an introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. MR 90j:35166

52.
B. A. Dubrovin, Periodic problems for the Korteweg-de Vries equation in the class of finite-gap potentials, Funct. Anal. Appl. 9, (1975), 215-223. MR 58:6480

53.
-, Completely integrable Hamiltonian systems associated with matrix operators and Abelian varieties, Funct. Anal. Appl. 11 (1977), 265-277. MR 58:31219

54.
-, Theta functions and non-linear equations, Russ. Math. Surv. 36:2 (1981), 11-92.

55.
-, Matrix finite-zones operators, Revs. Sci. Technology 23 (1983), 20-50. MR 86a:58041

56.
B. A. Dubrovin and S. P. Novikov, Periodic and conditionally periodic analogs of the many-soliton solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Sov. Phys.-JETP 40 (1975), 1058-1063. MR 52:3759

57.
M. S. P. Eastham, The Spectral Theory of Periodic Differential Equations, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh and London, 1973.

58.
J. C. Eilbeck and V. Z. Enol'skii, Elliptic Baker-Akhiezer functions and an application to an integrable dynamical system, J. Math. Phys. 35 (1994), 1192-1201. MR 94m:58104

59.
-, Elliptic solutions and blow-up in an integrable Hénon-Heiles system, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 124A (1994), 1151-1164. MR 95j:58067

60.
V. Z. Enol'skii, On the solutions in elliptic functions of integrable nonlinear equations, Phys. Lett. 96A (1983), 327-330. MR 85e:58064

61.
-, On the two-gap Lamé potentials and elliptic solutions of the Kovalevskaja problem connected with them, Phys. Lett. 100A (1984), 463-466. MR 85k:35200

62.
-, On solutions in elliptic functions of integrable nonlinear equations associated with two-zone Lamé potentials, Soc. Math. Dokl. 30 (1984), 394-397. MR 86c:35134

63.
V. Z. Enol'skii and J. C. Eilbeck, On the two-gap locus for the elliptic Calogero-Moser model, J. Phys. A 28 (1995), 1069-1088. MR 96a:58149

64.
V. Z. Enol'skii and N. A. Kostov, On the geometry of elliptic solitons, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 57-86. MR 95k:14066

65.
A. Erdélyi, On Lamé functions, Phil. Mag. (7) 31 (1941), 123-1130. MR 2:285a

66.
E. Fermi, J. Pasta, and S. M. Ulam, Studies in nonlinear problems, Technical Report LA-1940, Los Alamos Sci. Lab. Also in: Collected Papers of Enrico Fermi, Vol II, 978-988, University of Chicago Press, 1965.

67.
A. Finkel, E. Isaacson and E. Trubowitz, An explicit solution of the inverse periodic problem for Hill's equation, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 18 (1987), 46-53. MR 88d:34037

68.
H. Flaschka, On the inverse problem for Hill's operator, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 59 (1975), 293-309. MR 52:8550

69.
G. Floquet, Sur la théorie des équations différentielles linéaires, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. 8 (1879), suppl., 1-132.

70.
-, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients périodiques, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 91 (1880), 880-882.

71.
-, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients périodiques, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. 12 (1883), 47-88.

72.
-, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients doublement périodiques, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 98 (1884), 38-39, 82-85.

73.
-, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients doublement périodiques, Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. 1 (1884), 181-238.

74.
-, Addition a un mémorie sur les équations différentielles linéaires, Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. 1 (1884), 405-408.

75.
A. R. Forsyth, Theory of Differential Equations, Part III, Vol. 4, Dover, New York, 1959. MR 23:A1079

76.
C. S. Gardner, J. M. Greene, M. D. Kruskal, and R. M. Miura, Method for solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (1967), 1095-1097.

77.
C. S. Gardner, J. M. Greene, M. D. Kruskal, and R. M. Miura, Korteweg-de Vries equation and generalizations. VI. Methods for exact solution, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 27 (1974), 97-133. MR 49:898

78.
C. S. Gardner and G. K. Morikawa, Similarity in the asymptotic behavior of collision free hydromagnetic waves and water waves, Research Report NYO-9082, Courant Institute, 1960.

79.
M. G. Gasymov, Spectral analysis of a class of second-order non-self-adjoint differential operators, Funct. Anal. Appl. 14 (1980), 11-15. MR 81c:47048

80.
M. G. Gasymov, Spectral analysis of a class of ordinary differential operators with periodic coefficients, Sov. Math. Dokl. 21 (1980), 718-721. MR 81h:34023

81.
L. Gatto and S. Greco, Algebraic curves and differential equations: an introduction, The Curves Seminar at Queen's, Vol. VIII (ed. by A. V. Geramita), Queen's Papers Pure Appl. Math. 88, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1991, B1-B69. MR 93d:58069

82.
I. M. Gel'fand and L. A. Dikii, Asymptotic behaviour of the resolvent of Sturm-Liouville equations and the algebra of the Korteweg-de Vries equations, Russ. Math. Surv. 30:5, (1975) 77-113. MR 58:22746

83.
-, Fractional powers of operators and Hamiltonian systems, Funct. Anal. Appl. 10 (1976), 259-272. MR 55:6484

84.
-, Integrable nonlinear equations and the Liouville theorem , Funct. Anal. Appl. 13 (1979), 6-15. MR 80i:58027

85.
F. Gesztesy and H. Holden, Darboux-type transformations and hyperelliptic curves, in preparation.

86.
-, Hierarchies of Soliton Equations and their Algebro-Geometric Solutions, monograph in preparation.

87.
F. Gesztesy and R. Ratneseelan, An alternative approach to algebro-geometric solutions of the AKNS hierarchy, Rev. Math. Phys. 10 (1998), 345-391. CMP 98:14

88.
F. Gesztesy and B. Simon, The xi function, Acta Math. 176 (1996), 49-71. MR 97e:47078

89.
F. Gesztesy, B. Simon, and G. Teschl, Spectral deformations of one-dimensional Schrödinger operators, J. d'Anal. Math. 70 (1996), 267-324. CMP 97:11

90.
F. Gesztesy and W. Sticka, On a theorem of Picard, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 126 (1998), 1089-1099. CMP 98:06

91.
F. Gesztesy and R. Weikard, Spectral deformations and soliton equations, Differential Equations with Applications to Mathematical Physics (ed. by W. F. Ames, E. M. Harrell II, and J. V. Herod), Academic Press, Boston, 1993, 101-139. MR 93m:34138

92.
-, Floquet theory revisited, Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics (ed. by I. Knowles), International Press, Boston, 1995, 67-84.

93.
-, Lamé potentials and the stationary (m)KdV hierarchy, Math. Nachr. 176 (1995), 73-91. MR 98a:58086

94.
-, Treibich-Verdier potentials and the stationary (m)KdV hierarchy, Math. Z. 219 (1995), 451-476. MR 96e:14030

95.
-, On Picard potentials, Diff. Int. Eqs. 8 (1995), 1453-1476. MR 96e:34141

96.
-, A characterization of elliptic finite-gap potentials, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 321 (1995), 837-841. MR 96k:58112

97.
-, Picard potentials and Hill's equation on a torus, Acta Math. 176 (1996), 73-107. MR 97f:14046

98.
-, A characterization of all elliptic algebro-geometric solutions of the AKNS hierarchy, Acta Math. 181 (1998), to appear.

99.
-, Toward a characterization of elliptic solutions of hierarchies of soliton equations, Contemp. Math., to appear.

100.
-, in preparation.

101.
M. Giertz, M. K. Kwong, and A. Zettl, Commuting linear differential expressions, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 87A (1981), 331-347. MR 83d:12011

102.
J. Gray, Linear Differential Equations and Group Theory from Riemann to Poincaré, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1986. MR 89d:01041

103.
S. Greco and E. Previato, Spectral curves and ruled surfaces: projective models, in The Curves Seminar at Queen's, Vol. VIII (ed. by A. V. Geramita), Queen's Papers Pure Appl. Math. 88, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1991, F1-F33. MR 93e:58084

104.
P. G. Grinevich, Rational solutions for the equation of commutation of differential operators, Funct. Anal. Appl. 16 (1982), 15-19. MR 83f:58040

105.
V. Guillemin and A. Uribe, Hardy functions and the inverse spectral method, Commun. PDE 8 (1983), 1455-1474. MR 85h:35197

106.
G.-H. Halphen, Memoire sur la reduction des equations differentielles lineaires aux formes integrales, Mem. pres. l'Acad. Sci., France 28 (1884), 1-300.

107.
-, Sur une nouvelle classe d'équations différentielles linéaires intégrables, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 101 (1885), 1238-1240.

108.
-, Traité des Fonctions Elliptiques, tome 2, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1888.

109.
G. Hamel, Über die lineare Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung mit periodischen Koeffizienten, Math. Ann. 73 (1913), 371-412.

110.
O. Haupt, Über lineare homogene Differentialgleichungen 2. Ordnung mit periodischen Koeffizienten, Math. Ann. 79 (1919), 278-285.

111.
C. Hermite, Sur quelques applications des fonctions elliptiques, Comptes Rendus 85 (1877), 689-695, 728-732, 821-826.

112.
-, Oeuvres, tome 3, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1912.

113.
G. W. Hill, On the part of the motion of the lunar perigee which is a function of the mean motions of the sun and moon, Acta Math. 8 (1886), 1-36. Reprinted from a paper first published in 1877.

114.
E. Hille, Ordinary Differential Equations in the Complex Domain, Dover, Mineola, N.Y., 1997. MR 97m:34001

115.
H. Hochstadt, On the determination of a Hill's equation from its spectrum, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 19 (1965), 353-362. MR 31:6019

116.
I. D. Iliev, E. Kh. Khristov, and K. P. Kirchev, Spectral methods in Soliton Equations, Longman, New York, 1994. MR 97e:35129

117.
E. L. Ince, Further investigations into the periodic Lamé functions, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 60 (1940), 83-99. MR 2:46d

118.
-, Ordinary Differential Equations, Dover, New York, 1956. MR 6:65f

119.
H. Itoyama and A. Morozov, Integrability and Seiberg-Witten theory curves and periods, Nuclear Phys. B 477 (1996), 855-877. MR 98d:81116

120.
A. R. Its, Inversion of hyperelliptic integrals and integration of nonlinear differential equations, Vestnik Leningrad Univ. Math. 9 (1981), 121-129. MR 58:29453

121.
A. R. Its and V. Z. Enol'skii, Dynamics of the Calogero-Moser system and the reduction of hyperelliptic integrals to elliptic integrals , Funct. Anal. Appl. 20 (1986), 62-64. MR 87j:14072

122.
A. R. Its and V. B. Matveev, Schrödinger operators with finite-gap spectrum and N-soliton solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Theoret. Math. Phys. 23 (1975), 343-355. MR 57:18570

123.
K. Iwasaki, Inverse problem for Sturm-Liouville and Hill equations, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. Ser. 4, 149 (1987), 185-206. MR 89d:34053

124.
F. Klein, Über den Hermite'schen Fall der Lamé'schen Differentialgleichung, Math. Ann. 40 (1892), 125-129.

125.
Q. Kong and A. Zettl, Dependence of eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville problems on the boundary, J. Diff. Eqs. 126 (1996), 389-407. MR 97c:34176

126.
-, Eigenvalues of regular Sturm-Liouville problems, J. Diff. Eqs. 131 (1996), 1-19. MR 97g:34106

127.
B. G. Konopelchenko, Elementary Bäcklund transformations, nonlinear superposition principle and solutions of the integrable equations, Phys. Lett. 87A (1982), 445-448. MR 84a:58049

128.
D. J. Korteweg and G. de Vries, On the change of form of long waves advancing in a rectangular canal, and on a new type of long stationary waves, Phil. Mag. 39 (1895), 422-443.

129.
N. A. Kostov and V. Z. Enol'skii, Spectral characteristics of elliptic solitons, Math. Notes 53 (1993), 287-293. MR 95j:58072

130.
S. Kotani, Generalized Floquet theory for stationary Schrödinger operators in one dimension, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 8 (1997), 1817-1854. CMP 98:03

131.
M. Krause, Theorie der doppeltperiodischen Funktionen einer veränderlichen Grösse, Vol. 1, 1895, Vol. 2, 1897, Teubner, Leipzig.

132.
I. M. Krichever, Integration of nonlinear equations by the methods of algebraic geometry, Funct. Anal. Appl. 11 (1977), 12-26.

133.
-, Methods of algebraic geometry in the theory of non-linear equations, Russ. Math. Surv. 32:6 (1977), 185-213.

134.
-, Rational solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and integrable systems of $N$ particles on a line, Funct. Anal. Appl. 12 (1978), 59-61.

135.
-, Elliptic solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and integrable systems of particles, Funct. Anal. Appl. 14 (1980), 282-290. MR 82e:58046

136.
-, Nonlinear equations and elliptic curves, Revs. Sci. Technology 23 (1983), 51-90. MR 86a:58044

137.
-, Rational solutions of the Zakharov-Shabat equations and completely integrable systems of $N$ particles on a line, J. Sov. Math. 21, 335-345 (1983).

138.
-, Elliptic solutions of nonlinear integrable equations and related topics, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 7-25. MR 95j:58073

139.
-, Elliptic solutions to difference non-linear equations and nested Bethe ansatz equations, preprint, solv-int/9804016.

140.
I. Krichever, O. Babelon, E. Billey, and M. Talon, Spin generalization of the Calogero-Moser system and the matrix KP equation, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2) 170 (1995), 83-119. MR 96k:58115

141.
I. M. Krichever and D. H. Phong, On the integrable geometry of soliton equations and $N=2$ supersymmetric gauge theories, J. Diff. Geom. 45 (1997), 349-389. MR 98b:58078

142.
I. Krichever, P. Wiegmann, and A. Zabrodin, Elliptic solutions to difference non-linear equations and related many-body problems, Commun. Math. Phys. 193 (1998), 373-396. CMP 98:13

143.
I. Krichever and A. Zabrodin, Spin generalization of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider model, non-abelian $2$ D Toda chain and representations of Sklyanin algebra, Russ. Math. Surv. 50:6 (1995), 1101-1150. MR 97f:58068

144.
V. B. Kuznetsov, F. W. Nijhoff, and E. K. Sklyanin, Separation of variables for the Ruijsenaars system, Commun. Math. Phys. 189 (1997), 855-877. CMP 98:04

145.
P. D. Lax, Integrals of nonlinear equations of evolution and solitary waves, Commun. Math. Phys. 21 (1968), 467-490. MR 38:3620

146.
-, Outline of a theory of the KdV equation, Recent Mathematical Methods in Nonlinear Wave Propagation (ed. by T. Ruggeri), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1640 (1996), Springer, Berlin, 70-102. CMP 98:07

147.
J. E. Lee and M. P. Tsui, The geometry and completeness of the two-phase solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Dynamical Systems (ed. by S. Carillo and O. Ragnisco), Springer, Berlin, 1990, 94-97. CMP 91:02

148.
A. M. Levin and M. A. Olshanetsky, Hierarchies of isomonodromic deformations and Hitchin systems, preprint, hep-th/9709207.

149.
A. Liapounoff, Sur une équation transcendante et les équations différentielles linéaires du second ordre à coefficients périodiques, Comptes Rendus 128 (1899), 1085-1088.

150.
W. Magnus and S. Winkler, Hill's Equation, Dover, New York, 1979. MR 80k:34001

151.
A. Marshakov, On integrable systems and supersymmetric gauge theories, Theoret. Math. Phys. 112 (1997), 791-826. MR 98h:58084

152.
V. A. Marchenko, Sturm-Liouville Operators and Applications, Birkhäuser, Basel, 1986. MR 88f:34034

153.
A. I. Markushevich, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, 2nd. ed., Chelsea, New York, 1985. MR 56:3258

154.
V. B. Matveev, Some comments on the rational solutions of the Zakharov-Shabat equations, Lett. Math. Phys. 3 (1979), 503-512. MR 81j:35100

155.
V. B. Matveev and A. O. Smirnov, Symmetric reductions of the Riemann $\theta$-function and some of their applications to the Schrödinger and Boussinesq equation, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2) 157 (1993), 227-237. CMP 94:05

156.
D. McGarvey, Operators commuting with translations by one. Part I. Representation theorems, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 4 (1962), 366-410. MR 27:594

157.
-, Operators commuting with translations by one. Part II. Differential operators with periodic coefficients in $L_p(-\infty,\infty)$, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 11 (1965), 564-596. MR 35:3483a

158.
-, Operators commuting with translations by one. Part III. Perturbation results for periodic differential operators, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 12 (1965), 187-234. MR 35:3483b

159.
H. P. McKean and P. van Moerbeke, The spectrum of Hill's equation, Invent. Math. 30 (1975), 217-274. MR 53:936

160.
H. P. McKean and E. Trubowitz, Hill's operator and hyperelliptic function theory in the presence of infinitely many branch points, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 29 (1976), 143-226. MR 55:761

161.
J. Mertsching, Quasi periodic solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Fortschr. Phys. 35 (1987), 519-536. MR 89h:35311

162.
G. Mittag-Leffler, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients doublement périodiques, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 90, 299-300 (1880).

163.
R. M. Miura, Korteweg-de Vries equation and generalization, I. A remarkable explicit nonlinear transformation, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968), 1202-1204. MR 40:6042a

164.
R. M. Miura, C. S. Gardner, and M. D. Kruskal, Korteweg-de Vries equation and generalizations. II. Existence of conservation laws and constants of motion, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968), 1204-1209. MR 40:6042b

165.
J. Moser, Three integrable Hamiltonian systems connected with isospectral deformations, Adv. Math. 16 (1975), 197-220. MR 51:12058

166.
-, Integrable Hamiltonian systems and spectral theory, Academia Nationale Dei Lincei, Scuola Normale Superiore, Lezione Fermiani, 1983. MR 87j:58042

167.
D. Mumford, An algebro-geometric construction of commuting operators and of solutions to the Toda lattice equation, Korteweg de Vries equation and related non-linear equations, Int. Symp. on Algebraic Geometry, Kyoto, 1977, 115-153. MR 83j:14041

168.
S. P. Novikov, The periodic problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Funct. Anal. Appl. 8 (1974), 236-246. MR 52:3760

169.
S. Novikov, S. V. Manakov, L. P. Pitaevskii, and V. E. Zakharov, Theory of Solitons, Consultants Bureau, New York, 1984. MR 86k:35142

170.
M. A. Olshanetsky and A. M. Perelomov, Classical integrable finite-dimensional systems related to Lie Algebras, Phys. Rep. 71 (1981), 313-400. MR 83d:58032

171.
A. R. Osborne and G. Boffetta, A summable multiscale expansion for the KdV equation, Nonlinear Evolution Equations: Integrability and Spectral Methods (ed. by A. Degasperis, A. P. Fordy, and M. Lakshmanan), Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester, 1990, 559-569.

172.
R. S. Palais, The symmetries of solitons, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 34 (1997), 339-403. MR 98f:58111

173.
L. A. Pastur and V. A. Tkachenko, Spectral theory of Schrödinger operators with periodic complex-valued potentials, Funct. Anal. Appl. 22 (1988), 156-158. MR 89d:34056

174.
-, An inverse problem for a class of one-dimensional Schrödinger operators with a complex periodic potential, Math. USSR Izv. 37 (1991), 611-629. MR 92c:34099

175.
-, Geometry of the spectrum of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a periodic complex-valued potential, Math. Notes 50 (1991), 1045-1050. MR 93h:34147

176.
M. V. Pavlov, Nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the Bogolyubov-Whitham method of averaging, Theoret. Math. Phys. 71 (1987), 584-588. MR 89a:35202

177.
R. Pego, Origin of the KdV equation, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (1998), 358.

178.
D. Pelinovsky, Rational solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy and the dynamics of their poles.I. New form of a general rational solution, J. Math. Phys. 35 (1994), 5820-5830. MR 95h:58071

179.
E. Picard, Sur une généralisation des fonctions périodiques et sur certaines équations différentielles linéaires, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 89 (1879), 140-144.

180.
-, Sur une classe d'équations différentielles linéaires, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 90 (1880), 128-131.

181.
-, Sur les équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients doublement périodiques, J. reine angew. Math. 90 (1881), 281-302.

182.
-, Leçons sur Quelques Équations Fonctionnelles, Gauthier Villars, Paris, 1928.

183.
E. Previato, The Calogero-Moser-Krichever system and elliptic Boussinesq solitons, in Hamiltonian Systems, Transformation Groups and Spectral Transform Methods (ed. by J. Harnard and J. E. Marsden), CRM, Montréal, 1990, 57-67. MR 92e:58100

184.
-, Monodromy of Boussinesq elliptic operators, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 49-55. MR 95m:58079

185.
-, Seventy years of spectral curves, Integrable Systems and Quantum Groups (ed. by R. Donagi, B. Dubrovin, E. Frenkel, and E. Previato), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1620, Springer, Berlin, 1996, 419-481. MR 97e:58119

186.
E. Previato and J.-L. Verdier, Boussinesq elliptic solitons: the cyclic case, Proceedings of the Indo-French Conference on Geometry, Dehli, 1993, S. Ramanan and A. Beuaville (eds.), Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi, 1993, 173-185. MR 96f:14038

187.
F. S. Rofe-Beketov, The spectrum of non-selfadjoint differential operators with periodic coefficients, Sov. Math. Dokl. 4 (1963), 1563-1566. MR 28:274

188.
S. N. M. Ruijsenaars, Complete integrability of relativistic Calogero-Moser systems and elliptic function identities, Commun. Math. Phys. 110 (1987), 191-213. MR 88i:58072

189.
J.-J. Sansuc and V. Tkachenko, Spectral properties of non-selfadjoint Hill's operators with smooth potentials, Algebraic and Geometric Methods in Mathematical Physics (ed. by A. Boutel de Monvel and V. Marchenko), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996, 371-385. MR 97a:34226

190.
-, Spectral parametrization of non-selfadjoint Hill's operators, J. Diff. Eqs. 125 (1996), 366-384. MR 97a:34222

191.
-, Characterization of the periodic and anti-periodic spectra of nonselfadjoint Hill's operators, New Results in Operator Theory and its Applications (ed. by I. Gohberg and Yu. Lubich), Operator Theory: Advances and Applications 98, Birkhäuser, Basel, 1997, 216-224. MR 98i:34124

192.
J. Schur, Über vertauschbare lineare Differentialausdrücke, Sitzungsber. der Berliner Math. Gesell. 4 (1905), 2-8.

193.
G. Segal and G. Wilson, Loop groups and equations of KdV type, Publ. Math. IHES 61 (1985), 5-65. MR 87b:58039

194.
T. Shiota, Calogero-Moser hierarchy and KP hierarchy, J. Math. Phys. 35 (1994), 5844-5849. MR 95i:58095

195.
A. O. Smirnov, Elliptic solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Math. Notes 45 (1989), 476-481. MR 90j:58066

196.
-, Real elliptic solutions of the ``sine-Gordon'' equation, Math. USSR Sbornik /bf 70 (1991), 231-240. MR 92g:14046

197.
-, Finite-gap elliptic solutions of the KdV equation, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 125-166. MR 96c:35173

198.
-, Solutions of the KdV equation elliptic in $t$, Theoret. Math. Phys. 100 (1994), 937-947. MR 96b:14060

199.
-, The Dirac operator with elliptic potential, Sbornik Math. 186 (1995), 1213-1221. MR 96g:35186

200.
-, Elliptic solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, Russ. Acad. Sci. Sb. Math. 82 (1995), 461-470. MR 96f:35157

201.
-, On a class of elliptic solutions of the Boussinesq equations, Theoret. Math. Phys. 109 (1996), 1515-1522. CMP 98:01

202.
-, The elliptic-in-t solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Theoret. Math. Phys. 107 (1996), 568-578. MR 97g:35161

203.
-, On a class of elliptic potentials of the Dirac operator, Sbornik Math. 188 (1997), 115-135. MR 98e:34153

204.
-, Real-valued elliptic solutions of equations related to the sine-Gordon equation, St. Petersburg Math. J. 8 (1997), 513-524. MR 97e:35164

205.
-, 3-elliptic solutions of the sine-Gordon equation, Math. Notes 62 (1997), 368-376. CMP 98:12

206.
V. V. Sokolov, Examples of commutative rings of differential operators, Funct. Anal. Appl. 12 (1978), 65-66. MR 58:17963

207.
I. A. Taimanov, Elliptic solutions of nonlinear equations, Theoret. Math. Phys. 84 (1990), 700-706. MR 91k:14020

208.
-, On the two-gap elliptic potentials, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 119-124. MR 95j:33057

209.
C.-L. Terng and K. Uhlenbeck, Poisson actions and scattering theory for integrable systems, preprint, dg-ga/9707004.

210.
V. A. Tkachenko, Spectral analysis of the one-dimensional Schrödinger operator with periodic complex-valued potential, Sov. Math. Dokl. 5 (1964), 413-415.

211.
-, Spectral analysis of a nonselfadjoint Hill operator, Sov. Math. Dokl. 45 (1992), 78-82. MR 93f:34148

212.
-, Discriminants and generic spectra of non-selfadjoint Hill's operators, Adv. Sov. Math. 19 (1994), 41-71. MR 95i:34157

213.
-, Spectral properties of periodic Dirac operator with skew-symmetric potential matrix, preprint, 1994.

214.
-, Spectra of non-selfadjoint Hill's operators and a class of Riemann surfaces, Ann. Math. 143 (1996), 181-231. MR 97f:34067

215.
-, Non-selfadjoint periodic Dirac operators, preprint, 1997.

216.
-, Non-selfadjoint periodic Dirac operators with finite-band spectrum, preprint, 1998.

217.
A. Treibich, Tangential polynomials and elliptic solitons, Duke Math. J. 59 (1989), 611-627. MR 91k:58059

218.
-, Compactified Jacobians of Tangential Covers, Integrable Systems: The Verdier Memorial Conference (ed. by O. Babelon, P. Cartier, Y. Kosmann-Schwarzbach), Birkhäuser, Boston, 1993, 39-60. MR 95k:14043

219.
-, Rêvetements tangentiels et condition de Brill-Noether, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 316 (1993), 815-817. MR 94b:14023

220.
-, New elliptic potentials, Acta Appl. Math. 36 (1994), 27-48. MR 96h:14043

221.
-, Matrix elliptic solitons, Duke Math. J. 90 (1997), 523-547. CMP 98:04

222.
A. Treibich and J.-L. Verdier, Solitons elliptiques, The Grothendieck Festschrift, Volume III (ed. by P. Cartier, L. Illusie, N. M. Katz, G. Laumon, Y. Manin and K. A. Ribet), Birkhäuser, Basel, 1990, 437-480. MR 92f:14026

223.
-, Revêtements tangentiels et sommes de 4 nombres triangulaires, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 311 (1990), 51-54. MR 91k:14022

224.
-, Revêtements exceptionnels et sommes de 4 nombres triangulaires, Duke Math. J. 68 (1992), 217-236. MR 94f:14026

225.
-, Variétés de Kritchever des solitons elliptiques de KP, in Proceedings of the Indo-French Conference on Geometry (Bombay, 1989), Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi, 1993, 187-232. MR 95f:14062

226.
-, Au-delà des potentiels et rêvetements tangentiels hyperelliptiques exceptionnels, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 325 (1997), 1101-1106. CMP 98:10

227.
A. V. Turbiner, Lame equation, sl(2) algebra and isospectral deformations, J. Phys. A22 (1989), L1-L3. MR 89k:58135

228.
K. L. Vaninsky, Trace formula for a system of particles with elliptic potential, preprint, solv-int/9707002.

229.
J.-L. Verdier, New elliptic solitons, Algebraic Analysis (ed. by M. Kashiwara and T. Kawai), Academic Press, Boston, 1988, 901-910. MR 90g:58053

230.
G. Wallenberg, Über die Vertauschbarkeit homogener linearer Differentialausdrücke, Arch. Math. Phys. 4 (1903), 252-268.

231.
R. S. Ward, The Nahm equations, finite-gap potentials and Lamé functions, J. Phys. A20 (1987), 2679-2683. MR 88k:34030

232.
R. Weikard, On Hill's equation with a singular complex-valued potential, Proc. London Math. Soc. 76 (1998), 603-633. CMP 98:11

233.
-, On rational and periodic solutions of stationary KdV equations, preprint 1997.

234.
E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. MR 97k:01072

235.
G. Wilson, Commuting flows and conservation laws for Lax equations, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 86 (1979), 131-143. MR 80k:58059

236.
-, Algebraic curves and soliton equations, Geometry Today (ed. by E. Arbarello, C. Procesi, and E. Strickland), Birkhäuser, Boston, 1985, 303-329. MR 88i:58077

237.
A. Wintner, Stability and spectrum in the wave mechanics of lattices, Phys. Rev. 72 (1947), 81-82. MR 8:615f

238.
-, On the location of continuous spectra, Am. J. Math. 70 (1948), 22-30. MR 9:435k

239.
V. A. Yakubovich and V. M. Starzhinskii, Linear Differential Equations with Periodic Coefficients, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1975. MR 51:994

240.
N. J. Zabusky and M. D. Kruskal, Interaction of ``solitons'' in a collisionless plasma and the recurrence of initial states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15 (1965), 240-243.

241.
V. E. Zakharov and L. D. Faddeev, Korteweg-de Vries equation: A completely integrable Hamiltonian system, Funct. Anal. Appl. 5 (1971), 280-287.

242.
V. E. Zakharov and A. S. Shabat, Exact theory of two-dimensional self-focusing and one-dimensional self-modulation of waves in nonlinear media, Sov. Phys. JETP 34 (1972), 62-69. MR 53:9966


Similar Articles:

Retrieve articles in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society with MSC (1991): 34L40, 35Q53, 35Q55, 34B30, 34L05, 35Q51

Retrieve articles in all Journals with MSC (1991): 34L40, 35Q53, 35Q55, 34B30, 34L05, 35Q51


Additional Information:

Fritz Gesztesy
Affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
Email: fritz@math.missouri.edu

Rudi Weikard
Affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170
Email: rudi@math.uab.edu

DOI: 10.1090/S0273-0979-98-00765-4
PII: S 0273-0979(98)00765-4
Received by editor(s): May 20, 1998, and in revised form August 10, 1998
Additional Notes: Research supported in part by the US National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DMS-9401816 and DMS-9623121.
Copyright of article: Copyright 1998, by the authors


  AMS Website Logo Small Comments: webmaster@ams.org
© Copyright 2008, American Mathematical Society
Privacy Statement
Search the AMSPowered by Google