Question 1: More important than actual mathematical facts are qualities of enthusiasm and imaginativeness about ideas in general. A good fundamental knowledge of the use of algebra in so called "word" or "story" problems, and then some feel for mathematical treatment of abstract patterns as in symmetries.
Question 2: Courses that will ensure that every student has solid understanding of arithmetic, particularly percentages; algebra up to college algebra so principles of geometric and arithmetic series are understood. Concept of limit. Basic geometry of plane figures and elementary trigonometry. Elementary probability and statistics.
Question 3: When public debate on issues involving quantitative reasoning are more informed. When more people are comfortable using mathematics in their jobs and in the rest of life.
Question 4: College level majors in mathematics displaying enthusiasm and concrete approaches.
Question 5: An algebra course in the 9th grade and a Saturday course on elementary abstract algebra were the drawing cards for me.