- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Fixed points of multivalued nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 73 (2012)
Abstract
In this article, we first give a multivalued version of an iteration scheme of Agarwal et al. We use an idea due to Shahzad and Zegeye which removes a "strong condition" on the mapping involved in the iteration scheme and an observation by Song and Cho about the set of fixed points of that mapping. In this way, we approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping through an iteration scheme which is independent of but faster than Ishikawa scheme used both by Song and Cho, and Shahzad and Zegeye. Thus our results improve and unify corresponding results in the contemporary literature.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 47H10; 54H25.
1. Introduction and preliminaries
Throughout the article, ℕ denotes the set of positive integers. Let E be a real Banach space. A subset K is called proximinal if for each x ∈ E, there exists an element k ∈ K such that
It is known that a weakly compact convex subsets of a Banach space and closed convex subsets of a uniformly convex Banach space are proximinal. We shall denote the family of nonempty bounded proximinal subsets of K by P(K). Consistent with [1], let CB(K) be the class of all nonempty bounded and closed subsets of K. Let H be a Hausdorff metric induced by the metric d of E, that is
for every A, B ∈ CB(E). A multivalued mapping T : K → P (K) is said to be a contraction if there exists a constant k ∈ [0, 1) such that for any x, y ∈ K,
and T is said to be nonexpansive if
for all x, y ∈ K. A point x ∈ K is called a fixed point of T if x ∈ Tx.
The study of fixed points for multivalued contractions and nonexpansive mappings using the Hausdorff metric was initiated by Markin [2] (see also [1]). Later, an interesting and rich fixed point theory for such maps was developed which has applications in control theory, convex optimization, differential inclusion, and economics (see, [3] and references cited therein). Moreover, the existence of fixed points for multivalued nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces was proved by Lim [4].
The theory of multivalued nonexpansive mappings is harder than the corresponding theory of single valued nonexpansive mappings. Different iterative processes have been used to approximate the fixed points of multivalued nonexpansive mappings. Among these iterative processes, Sastry and Babu [5] considered the following.
Let K be a nonempty convex subset of E, T : K → P(K) a multivalued mapping with p ∈ Tp.
-
(i)
The sequences of Mann iterates is defined by x1 ∈ K,
(1.1)
where y n ∈ Tx n is such that ||y n - p|| = d(p, Tx n ), and {a n } is a sequence of numbers in (0, 1) satisfying .
-
(ii)
The sequence of Ishikawa iterates is defined by x1 ∈ K,
(1.2)
where z n ∈ Tx n , u n ∈ Ty n are such that ||z n - p|| = d(p, Tx n ) and ||u n - p|| = d(p, Ty n ), and {a n }, {b n } are real sequences of numbers with 0 ≤ a n , b n < 1 satisfying and ∑a n b n = ∞.
Panyanak [6] generalized the results proved by Sastry and Babu [5].
The following is a useful Lemma due to Nadler [1].
Lemma 1. Let A, B ∈ CB(E) and a ∈ A. If η > 0, then there exists b ∈ B such that d(a, b) ≤ H(A, B) + η.
Based on the above Lemma, Song and Wang [7] modified the iteration scheme due to Panyanak [6] and improved the results presented therein. Their scheme is given as follows:
Let K be a nonempty convex subset of E, a n ∈ [0, 1], b n ∈ [0, 1] and η n ∈ (0, ∞) such that limn → ∞η n = 0. Choose x1 ∈ K and z1 ∈ Tx1. Let
Choose u1 ∈ Ty1 such that || z1 - u1 || ≤ H(Tx1, Ty1) + η1 (see [1, 8]). Let
Choose z2 ∈ Tx2 such that || z2 - u1 || ≤ H(Tx2, Ty1) + η2. Take
Choose u2 ∈ Ty2 such that || z2 - u2 || ≤ H(Tx2, Ty2) + η2. Let
Inductively, we have
where z n ∈ Tx n , u n ∈ Ty n are such that ||z n - u n || ≤ H(Tx n , Ty n ) + η n and ||zn+1-u n || ≤ H(Txn+1, Ty n ) + η n , and {a n },{b n } are real sequences of numbers with 0 ≤ a n , b n < 1 satisfying and ∑a n b n = ∞.
It is to be noted that Song and Wang [7] need the condition Tp = {p} in order to prove their Theorem 1. Actually, Panyanak [6] proved some results using Ishikawa type iteration process without this condition. Song and Wang [7] showed that without this condition his process was not well-defined. They reconstructed the process using the condition Tp = {p} which made it well-defined. Such a condition was also used by Jung [9].
Recently, Shahzad and Zegeye [10] remarked as follows:
"We note that the iteration scheme constructed by Song and Wang [7] involves the estimates which are not easy to be computed and the scheme is more time consuming. We also observe that Song and Wang [7] did not use the above estimates in their proofs and applied Lemma 2.1 (of [10]) without showing x n - p, y n - p ∈ B R (0). The assumption on T namely "Tp = {p} for any p ∈ F(T)" is quite strong.... Then we construct an iteration scheme which removes the restriction of T namely Tp = {p} for any p ∈ F(T)."
To do this, they defined P T (x) = {y ∈ Tx : ||x - y|| = d(x, Tx)} for a multivalued mapping T : K → P(K). They also proved a couple of strong convergence results using Ishikawa type iteration process.
On the other hand, Agarwal et al. [11] introduced the following iteration scheme for single-valued mappings:
where {α n } and {β n } are in (0, 1). This scheme is independent of both Mann and Ishikawa schemes. They proved that this scheme converges at a rate faster than both Picard iteration scheme xn+1= Tx n and Mann iteration scheme for contractions. Following their method, it was observed in [12, Example 3.7] that this scheme also converges faster than Ishikawa iteration scheme.
In this paper, we first give a multivalued version of the iteration scheme (1.4) of Agarwal et al. [11] and then use the idea of removal of "Tp = {p} for any p ∈ F(T)" due to Shahzad and Zegeye [10] to approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping T. We also use a result of Song and Cho [13] saying that set of fixed points of T is same as that of P T , see Lemma 2 below. Moreover, we use the method of direct construction of Cauchy sequence as indicated by Song and Cho [13] (and opposed to [10]) but also used by many other authors including [12, 14, 15]. Keeping above in mind, we define our iteration scheme as follows:
where v n ∈ P T (x n ), u n ∈ P T (y n ) and 0 < λ, η < 1. We have used λ, η only for the sake of simplicity but α n , β n could be used equally well under suitable conditions. In this way, we approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping by an iteration scheme which is independent of but faster than Ishikawa scheme. Thus our results improve corresponding results of Shahzad and Zegeye [10], Song and Cho [13] and the results generalized therein.
Now, we give the following definitions.
Definition 1. A Banach space E is said to satisfy Opial's condition [16] if for any sequence {x n } in E, x n ⇀ x implies that
for all y ∈ E with y ≠x.
Examples of Banach spaces satisfying this condition are Hilbert spaces and all lp spaces (1 < p < ∞). On the other hand, Lp[0, 2π] with 1 < p ≠2 fail to satisfy Opial's condition.
Definition 2. A multivalued mapping T : K → P(E) is called demiclosed at y ∈ K if for any sequence {x n } in K weakly convergent to an element x and y n ∈ Tx n strongly convergent to y, we have y ∈ Tx.
The following is the multivalued version of condition (I) of Senter and Dotson [17].
Definition 3. A multivalued nonexpansive mapping T : K → CB(K) where K a subset of E, is said to satisfy condition (I) if there exists a nondecreasing function f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) with f(0) = 0, f(r) > 0 for all r ∈ (0, ∞) such that d(x, Tx) ≥ f(d(x, F(T)) for all x ∈ K.
The following very useful theorem is due to Song and Cho [13].
Lemma 2. [13] Let T : K → P (K) be a multivalued mapping and P T (x) = {y ∈ Tx : ||x - y|| = d(x, Tx)}. Then the following are equivalent.
-
(1)
x ∈ F(T);
-
(2)
P T (x) = {x};
-
(3)
x ∈ F(P T ).
Moreover, F(T) = F(P T ).
Next, we state the following helpful lemma.
Lemma 3. [18] Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and 0 < p ≤ t n ≤ q < 1 for all n ∈ ℕ. Suppose that {x n } and {y n } are two sequences of E such that lim supn→ ∞||x n || ≤ r, lim supn→ ∞||y n || ≤ r and limn→ ∞||t n x n + (1 - t n )y n || = r hold for some r ≥ 0. Then limn→ ∞||x n - y n || = 0.
2. Main results
We start with the following couple of important lemmas.
Lemma 4. Let E be a normed space and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P (K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠∅ and P T is a nonexpansive mapping. Let {x n } be the sequence as defined in (1.5). Then limn→ ∞||x n - p|| exists for all p ∈ F (T).
Proof. Let p ∈ F(T). Then p ∈P T (p) = {p} by Lemma 2. It follows from (1.5) that
But
Thus (2.1) becomes
and limn→ ∞||x n - p|| exists for each p ∈ F (T). □
Lemma 5. Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and K be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P(K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠∅ and P T is a nonexpansive mapping. Let {x n } be the sequence as defined in (1.5). Then .
Proof. From Lemma 4, exists for each p ∈ F (T). We suppose that for some c ≥ 0.
Since lim supn→ ∞||v n - p|| ≤ lim supn→ ∞H (P T (x n ), P T (p)) ≤ lim supn→ ∞|| x n - p || = c,
so
Similarly,
Applying Lemma 3, we get
Taking lim sup on both sides of (2.2), we obtain
Also
implies that
Combining (2.3) and (2.5), we have
Thus
gives
and, in turn, by (2.4), we have
Applying Lemma 3 once again,
Since d(x n , Tx n ) ≤ ||x n - v n ||, we have
â–¡
Now we approximate fixed points of the mapping T through weak convergence of the sequence {x n } defined in (1.5).
Theorem 1. Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space satisfying Opial's condition and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P(K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠∅ and P T is a nonexpansive mapping. Let {x n } be the sequence as defined in (1.5). Let I - P T be demiclosed with respect to zero, then {x n } converges weakly to a fixed point of T.
Proof. Let p ∈ F(T) = F(P T ). From the proof of Lemma 4, exists. Now we prove that {x n } has a unique weak subsequential limit in F(T). To prove this, let z1 and z2 be weak limits of the subsequences and of {x n }, respectively. By (2.7), there exists v n ∈ Tx n such that . Since I - P T is demiclosed with respect to zero, therefore we obtain z1 ∈ F(P T ) = F(T). In the same way, we can prove that z2 ∈ F(T).
Next, we prove uniqueness. For this, suppose that z1 ≠z2. Then by Opial's condition, we have
which is a contradiction. Hence {x n } converges weakly to a point in F(T). â–¡
We now give some strong convergence theorems. Our first strong convergence theorem is valid in general real Banach spaces. We then apply this theorem to obtain a result in uniformly convex Banach spaces. We also use the method of direct construction of Cauchy sequence as indicated by Song and Cho [13] (and opposed to [10]) but used also by many other authors including [12, 14, 15].
Theorem 2. Let E be a real Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P(K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠∅ and P T is a nonexpansive mapping. Let {x n } be the sequence as defined in (1.5), then {x n } converges strongly to a point of F(T) if and only if lim infn→ ∞d(x n , F(T)) = 0.
Proof. The necessity is obvious. Conversely, suppose that lim infn→ ∞d(x n , F(T)) = 0. As proved in Lemma 4, we have
which gives
This implies that exists and so by the hypothesis, . Therefore we must have
Next, we show that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence in K. Let ε > 0 be arbitrarily chosen. Since , there exists a constant n0 such that for all n ≥ n0, we have
In particular, . There must exist a p* ∈ F(T) such that
Now for m, n ≥ n0, we have
Hence {x n } is a Cauchy sequence in a closed subset K of a Banach space E, and so it must converge in K. Let . Now
which gives that d(q, P T q) = 0. But P T is a nonexpansive mapping so F(P T ) is closed. Therefore, q ∈ F(P T ) = F(T). □
We now apply the above theorem to obtain the following theorem in uniformly convex Banach spaces where T : K → P (K) satisfies condition (I).
Theorem 3. Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P (K) be a multivalued mapping satisfying condition (I) such that F(T ) ≠∅ and P T is a nonexpansive mapping. Let {x n } be the sequence as defined in (1.5), then {x n } converges strongly to a point of F(T).
Proof. By Lemma 5, limn→ ∞||x n - p|| exists for all p ∈ F(T). Let this limit be c for some c ≥ 0.
If c = 0, there is nothing to prove.
Suppose c > 0. Now ||xn+1-p|| ≤ ||x n - p|| implies that
which means that d(xn+1, F(T)) ≤ d(x n , F(T)) and so exists. By using condition (I) and Lemma 5, we have
That is,
Since f is a nondecreasing function and f(0) = 0, it follows that . Now applying Theorem 2, we obtain the result. â–¡
References
Nadler SB Jr: Multivalued contraction mappings. Pacific J Math 1969, 30: 475–488.
Markin JT: Continuous dependence of fixed point sets. Proc Am Math Soc 1973, 38: 545–547.
Gorniewicz L: Topological fixed point theory of multivalued mappings. Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, Netherlands; 1999.
Lim TC: A fixed point theorem for multivalued nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex Banach spaces. Bull Am Math Soc 1974, 80: 1123–1126.
Sastry KPR, Babu GVR: Convergence of Ishikawa iterates for a multivalued mapping with a fixed point. Czechoslovak Math J 2005, 55: 817–826.
Panyanak B: Mann and Ishikawa iterative processes for multivalued mappings in Banach spaces. Comp Math Appl 2007, 54: 872–877.
Song Y, Wang H: Erratum to "Mann and Ishikawa iterative processes for multivalued mappings in Banach spaces" [Comp. Math. Appl. 54, 872–877 (2007)]. Comp Math Appl 2008, 55: 2999–3002.
Assad NA, Kirk WA: Fixed point theorems for set-valued mappings of contractive type. Pacific J Math 1972, 43: 553–562.
Jung JS: Strong convergence theorems for multivalued nonexpansive nonself mappings in Banach spaces. Nonlinear Anal 2007, 66: 2345–2354.
Shahzad N, Zegeye H: On Mann and Ishikawa iteration schemes for multi-valued maps in Banach spaces. Nonlinear Anal 2009, 71(3–4):838–844.
Agarwal RP, O'Regan D, Sahu DR: Iterative construction of fixed points of nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. J Nonlinear Convex Anal 2007, 8(1):61–79.
Khan SH, Kim JK: Common fixed points of two nonexpansive mappings by a modified faster iteration scheme. Bull Korean Math Soc 2010, 47(5):973–985.
Song Y, Cho YJ: Some notes on Ishikawa iteration for multivalued mappings. Bull Korean Math Soc 2011, 48(3):575–584. doi:10.4134/BKMS.2011.48.3.575
Khan SH, Abbas M, Rhoades BE: A new one-step iterative scheme for approximating common fixed points of two multivalued nonexpansive mappings. Rend del Circ Mat 2010, 59: 149–157.
Khan SH, Fukhar-ud-din H: Weak and strong convergence of a scheme with errors for two nonexpansive mappings. Nonlinear Anal 2005, 8: 1295–1301.
Opial Z: Weak convergence of the sequence of successive approximations for nonexpansive mappings. Bull Am Math Soc 1967, 73: 591–597.
Senter HF, Dotson WG: Approximatig fixed points of nonexpansive mappings. Proc Am Math Soc 1974, 44(2):375–380.
Schu J: Weak and strong convergence to fixed points of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Bull Austral Math Soc 1991, 43: 153–159.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SHK gave the idea and wrote the initial draft. IY read and agreed upon the draft. SHK then finalized the manuscript. Correspondence was mainly done by IY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, S.H., Yildirim, I. Fixed points of multivalued nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 73 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-73
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-73