Kernel of locally nilpotent $R$-derivations of $R[X,Y]$

In this paper we study the kernel of a non-zero locally nilpotent $R$-derivation of the polynomial ring $R[X,Y]$ over a noetherian integral domain $R$ containing a field of characteristic zero. We show that if $R$ is normal then the kernel has a graded $R$-algebra structure isomorphic to the symbolic Rees algebra of an unmixed ideal of height one in $R$, and, conversely, the symbolic Rees algebra of any unmixed height one ideal in $R$ can be embedded in $R[X,Y]$ as the kernel of a locally nilpotent $R$-derivation of $R[X,Y]$. We also give a necessary and sufficient criterion for the kernel to be a polynomial ring in general.