<!DOCTYPE record>
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<article>
<titex><![CDATA[Hamiltonian torus actions on symplectic orbifolds and toric varieties]]></titex>
<tihtml><![CDATA[Hamiltonian torus actions on<BR> symplectic orbifolds and toric
varieties ]]></tihtml>
<tiunicode><![CDATA[Hamiltonian torus actions on symplectic orbifolds and toric varieties]]></tiunicode>
<tinomath>Hamiltonian torus actions on symplectic orbifolds and toric varieties
</tinomath>
<resauthor>Eugene Lerman</resauthor>
<author>
<autex>
<fntex><![CDATA[Eugene]]></fntex>
<mntex><![CDATA[]]></mntex>
<lntex><![CDATA[Lerman]]></lntex>
</autex>
<auhtml>
<fnhtml><![CDATA[Eugene]]></fnhtml>
<mnhtml><![CDATA[]]></mnhtml>
<lnhtml><![CDATA[Lerman]]></lnhtml>
</auhtml>
<auunicode>
<fnuni><![CDATA[Eugene]]></fnuni>
<mnuni><![CDATA[]]></mnuni>
<lnuni><![CDATA[Lerman]]></lnuni>
</auunicode>
<auascii>
<fnascii>Eugene</fnascii>
<mnascii></mnascii>
<lnascii>Lerman</lnascii>
</auascii>
<email>lerman@math.uiuc.edu</email>
<afftex><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139]]></afftex>
<affhtml><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ]]></affhtml>
<affunicode><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139]]></affunicode>
<currafftex><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Unversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801 ]]></currafftex>
<curraffhtml><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801 
]]></curraffhtml>
<curraffunicode><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Unversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801 ]]></curraffunicode>
<curremail><![CDATA[]]></curremail>
<urladdr></urladdr>
</author>
<author>
<autex>
<fntex><![CDATA[Susan]]></fntex>
<mntex><![CDATA[]]></mntex>
<lntex><![CDATA[Tolman]]></lntex>
</autex>
<auhtml>
<fnhtml><![CDATA[Susan]]></fnhtml>
<mnhtml><![CDATA[]]></mnhtml>
<lnhtml><![CDATA[Tolman]]></lnhtml>
</auhtml>
<auunicode>
<fnuni><![CDATA[Susan]]></fnuni>
<mnuni><![CDATA[]]></mnuni>
<lnuni><![CDATA[Tolman]]></lnuni>
</auunicode>
<auascii>
<fnascii>Susan</fnascii>
<mnascii></mnascii>
<lnascii>Tolman</lnascii>
</auascii>
<email>tolman@math.princeton.edu</email>
<email></email>
<afftex><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139]]></afftex>
<affhtml><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ]]></affhtml>
<affunicode><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139]]></affunicode>
<afftex><![CDATA[{\it Current address} $\mathrm{(both authors)}$: $\mathrm{Department
of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana}$ -$\mathrm{Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801}$]]></afftex>
<affhtml><![CDATA[]]></affhtml>
<affunicode><![CDATA[{\it Current address} $\mathrm{(both authors)}$: $\mathrm{Department
of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana}$ -$\mathrm{Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801}$]]></affunicode>
<currafftex><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Unversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801]]></currafftex>
<curraffhtml><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801 
]]></curraffhtml>
<curraffunicode><![CDATA[Department of Mathematics, Unversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1409 West Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801]]></curraffunicode>
<curremail><![CDATA[]]></curremail>
<urladdr></urladdr>
</author>
<cn>Lerman_Eugene | Tolman_Susan</cn>
<abstract>
<abstex><![CDATA[ In the first part of the paper, we build a foundation for further
work on Hamiltonian actions on symplectic orbifolds. Most importantly,
we prove the orbifold versions of the abelian connectedness and
convexity theorems. In the second half, we prove that compact
symplectic orbifolds with completely integrable torus actions
are classified by convex simple rational polytopes with a positive
integer attached to each open facet and that all such orbifolds
are algebraic toric varieties.]]></abstex>
<abshtml><![CDATA[In the first part of the paper, we build a foundation for further
work on Hamiltonian actions on symplectic orbifolds. Most importantly,
we prove the orbifold versions of the abelian connectedness and
convexity theorems. In the second half, we prove that compact
symplectic orbifolds with completely integrable torus actions
are classified by convex simple rational polytopes with a positive
integer attached to each open facet and that all such orbifolds
are algebraic toric varieties. <P> ]]></abshtml>
<absascii>In the first part of the paper, we build a foundation for further
work on Hamiltonian actions on symplectic orbifolds. Most importantly,
we prove the orbifold versions of the abelian connectedness and
convexity theorems. In the second half, we prove that compact
symplectic orbifolds with completely integrable torus actions
are classified by convex simple rational polytopes with a positive
integer attached to each open facet and that all such orbifolds
are algebraic toric varieties.</absascii>
</abstract>
<reference>
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<refmr>94e:58023</refmr>
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<refascii>D Del T. Delzant, Hamiltoniens periodiques et images convexes
de l'application moment, Bull. Soc. Math. France 116 (1988),
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<refmr>90b:58069</refmr>
</reference>
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<refascii>DGMW DGMW J.J. Duistermaat, V. Guillemin, E. Meinrenken and S.
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<refmr>90d:57039</refmr>
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<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[GS1]{GS} V. Guillemin and S. Sternberg, Convexity properties
of the moment mapping I, {\it Invent.\ Math.} {\bf 67} (1982),
491-513. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>GS1 GS V. Guillemin and S. Sternberg, Convexity properties of
the moment mapping I, Invent. Math. 67 (1982), 491-513. </refascii>
<refmr>83m:58037</refmr>
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<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[GS2]{GS:gq} V. Guillemin and S. Sternberg, Geometric
quantization and multiplicities of group representations, {\it
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<refascii>GS2 GS:gq V. Guillemin and S. Sternberg, Geometric quantization
and multiplicities of group representations, Invent. Math. 67
(1982), 515--538. </refascii>
<refmr>83m:58040</refmr>
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<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[HS]{HS} A. Haefliger and E. Salem, Actions of tori on
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<refascii>HS HS A. Haefliger and E. Salem, Actions of tori on orbifolds,
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<refascii>HL HL P, Heinzner and F. Loose, Reduction of Hamiltonian G -spaces,
Geom. and Func. Analysis 4 (1994), 288--297. </refascii>
<refmr>95j:58050</refmr>
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<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[K]{Kaw} K. Kawakubo, {\em The Theory of Transformation
Groups}, Oxford University Press, 1991. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>K Kaw K. Kawakubo, The Theory of Transformation Groups , Oxford
University Press, 1991. </refascii>
<refmr>93g:57044</refmr>
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<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[Ko]{Kosz} J.L. Koszul, Sur certains groupes de transformations
de Lie, dans {\em Colloque de G\'{e}ometrie Differentielle,}
Colloques du CNRS {\bf 71} (1953), 137--141. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>Ko Kosz J.L. Koszul, Sur certains groupes de transformations
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<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[La]{Lang} S. Lang, {\em Differential manifolds}, Reading,
Mass., Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1972. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>La Lang S. Lang, Differential manifolds , Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co., 1972. </refascii>
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<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[LMTW]{LMTW} E. Lerman, E. Meinrenken, S. Tolman and
C. Woodward, Nonabelian convexity by symplectic cuts, {\tt dg-ga/9603015.}
]]></reftex>
<refascii>LMTW LMTW E. Lerman, E. Meinrenken, S. Tolman and C. Woodward,
Nonabelian convexity by symplectic cuts, dg-ga 9603015. </refascii>
</reference>
<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[LS]{LS} E. Lerman and S. Sjamaar, Reductive Group Actions
on Kaehler Manifolds, in \textit{Conservative Systems and Quantum
Chaos}, Fields Inst. Comm., vol. 8, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence,
1996, pp. 85--92. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>LS LS E. Lerman and S. Sjamaar, Reductive Group Actions on Kaehler
Manifolds, in Conservative Systems and Quantum Chaos , Fields
Inst. Comm., vol. 8, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, 1996, pp.
85--92. </refascii>
<refmr>97c:32045</refmr>
</reference>
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theory and Hamiltonian systems}, New York : Springer-Verlag,
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<refascii>MW MW J. Mawhin and M. Willem, Critical point theory and Hamiltonian
systems , New York : Springer-Verlag, 1989. </refascii>
<refmr>90e:58016</refmr>
</reference>
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Adv. in Math.}. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>M Meinrenken E. Meinrenken, Symplectic surgery and Spin c -Dirac
operator, dg-ga 9504002 , to appear in Adv. in Math. . </refascii>
</reference>
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{\em J. Math.\ Soc.\ Japan} {\bf 9} (1957), 464--492. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>S Sa I. Satake, The Gauss-Bonnet theorem for V -manifolds J.
Math. Soc. Japan 9 (1957), 464--492. </refascii>
<refmr>20:2022</refmr>
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<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[Sch]{sc:sm} G. W. Schwarz, Smooth functions invariant
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14} (1975), 63--68. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>Sch sc:sm G. W. Schwarz, Smooth functions invariant under the
action of a compact Lie group, Topology 14 (1975), 63--68. </refascii>
<refmr>51:6870</refmr>
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<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[Sj]{Sj} R. Sjamaar, Holomorphic slices, symplectic reduction
and multiplicities of representations, {\em Ann.\ Math.} {\bf
141} (1995), 87--129. ]]></reftex>
<refascii>Sj Sj R. Sjamaar, Holomorphic slices, symplectic reduction and
multiplicities of representations, Ann. Math. 141 (1995), 87--129.
</refascii>
<refmr>96a:58098</refmr>
</reference>
<reference>
<reftex><![CDATA[\bibitem[SL]{SL} R. Sjamaar and E. Lerman, Stratified symplectic
spaces and reduction {\em Ann.\ Math.} {\bf 134} (1991), 375--422.
]]></reftex>
<refascii>SL SL R. Sjamaar and E. Lerman, Stratified symplectic spaces
and reduction Ann. Math. 134 (1991), 375--422. </refascii>
<refmr>92g:58036</refmr>
</reference>
<refhtml><![CDATA[]]></refhtml>
<copyrightyr>1997</copyrightyr>
<copyrtholder>American Mathematical Society</copyrtholder>
<series></series>
<journal>Transactions of the American Mathematical Society</journal>
<jnl>Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.</jnl>
<publjnl>tran</publjnl>
<volume>349</volume>
<issue1>10</issue1>
<issue2></issue2>
<pubdate>19971001</pubdate>
<received>July 27, 1995</received>
<revised>April 22, 1996</revised>
<postdate></postdate>
<thanks><![CDATA[Both authors were partially supported by NSF postdoctoral fellowships.]]></thanks>
<thankshtml><![CDATA[Both authors were partially supported by NSF postdoctoral fellowships.]]></thankshtml>
<dedicate><![CDATA[]]></dedicate>
<dedicatehtml><![CDATA[]]></dedicatehtml>
<commby><![CDATA[]]></commby>
<commbyhtml><![CDATA[]]></commbyhtml>
<keyword><![CDATA[Symplectic orbifolds]]></keyword>
<keyword><![CDATA[Hamiltonian torus actions]]></keyword>
<keyword><![CDATA[moment map]]></keyword>
<keyword><![CDATA[toric varieties]]></keyword>
<fpage>4201</fpage>
<dpage>4201-4230</dpage>
<pgcount>30</pgcount>
<pii>S0002-9947-97-01821-7</pii>
<doi>10.1090/S0002-9947-97-01821-7</doi>
<issnp>0002-9947</issnp>
<issne>1088-6850</issne>
<seealso></seealso>
<language>English</language>
<doctype></doctype>
<msc>58F05</msc>
<mscsec>57S15 14M25</mscsec>
<msctype>1991</msctype>
<vno></vno>
<mr></mr>
<hline></hline>
<ftlink>http://www.ams.org/jourcgi/jour-getitem?pii=S0002-9947-97-01821-7</ftlink>
<sequence></sequence>
<erratum></erratum>
<corrigendum></corrigendum>
<addendum></addendum>
<supplement></supplement>
<comments></comments>
<corrections></corrections>
<misc></misc>
<origpub></origpub>
<origarticle></origarticle>
<doctext><![CDATA[ Introduction section intro In this paper we study Hamiltonian
torus actions on symplectic orbifolds, with an emphasis on completely
integrable actions. The category of Hamiltonian group actions
on symplectic manifolds is not closed under symplectic reduction;
generically, the reduced space is an orbifold. In contrast, the
symplectic reduction of an orbifold is generically an orbifold.
Symplectic reduction is a powerful technique which has been used
successfully in such diverse areas as Hamiltonian systems and
representation theory. Therefore we need to understand symplectic
orbifolds even if we only want to understand symplectic manifolds.
For example, a proof of the Guillemin-Sternberg conjecture that
quantization commutes with reduction naturally encounters orbifolds
DGMW , Meinrenken . In the same spirit, the proof of the non-abelian
convexity theorem for manifolds can be reduced to an abelian
convexity theorem for orbifolds LMTW . Orbifolds also arise in
the study of resonances in Hamiltonian systems. In the first
half of the paper, we build a foundation for further work on
Hamiltonian actions on symplectic orbifolds. For example, we
classify the neighborhoods of isotropic orbits, and we discuss
the extension of Bott-Morse theory to orbifolds. Most importantly,
we prove the following analogues of the abelian connectedness
and convexity theorems (see and GS ). 5pt thm Let a torus T act
on a compact connected symplectic orbifold (M,) , with a moment
map :M . For every a , the fiber -1 (a) is connected. thm thm
Let a torus T act on a compact connected symplectic orbifold
(M,) , with a moment map :M . The image of the moment map (M)
is a rational convex polytope. In particular it is the convex
hull of the image of the points in M fixed by T , (M) convex
hull ((M T)). thm In the second half of the paper, we consider
the special case of completely integrable torus actions, and
prove the following theorem: thm Compact symplectic toric orbifolds
are classified by convex rational simple polytopes with a positive
integer attached to each open facet. thm This theorem generalizes
a theorem of Delzant Del to the case of orbifolds. He proved
that symplectic toric manifolds are classified by the image of
their moment maps, that is, by a certain class of rational polytopes.
It is easy to see that additional information is necessary for
orbifolds: example Given positive integers n and m , there exists
a symplectic orbifold M which is topologically a two sphere,
but which looks locally like ( n) and ( m) near its north and
south poles, respectively. The circle action which rotates M
around its north-south axis is Hamiltonian. Although the image
of the moment map is a line interval for all m and n , these
orbifolds are not isomorphic. example To state the above theorem
precisely. we must define a few terms. definition def zero A
symplectic toric orbifold is a quadruple (M, , T, ) , where is
a symplectic form on a connected orbifold M and :M is a moment
map for an effective Hamiltonian action of a torus T on M such
that T 12 M . This is not the definition used in algebraic geometry.
However we will show in Section Compatible complex structures
that every compact symplectic toric orbifold can be given the
structure of an algebraic toric variety. Two symplectic toric
orbifolds are isomorphic if they are equivariantly symplectomorphic
(implicitly the torus is fixed in the definition of isomorphism).
definition definition def one Let x be a point in an orbifold
M , and let (,, ) be a uniformizing chart for a neighborhood
U of x (see Sa or section section action ). Then the (orbifold)
structure group of x is the isotropy group of , where () x .
This group is well defined as an abstract group. definition definition
def two Let be a vector space with a lattice ; let denote the
dual vector space. A convex polytope is rational if i 1 N , y
i i for some y i and i . A (closed) facet is a face of of codimension
one in . An open facet is the relative interior of a facet. An
n dimensional polytope is simple if exactly n facets meet at
every vertex. For this paper, we shall adopt the convenient but
non-standard abbreviation that a labeled polytope in is a convex
rational simple polytope such that , plus a positive integer
attached to each open facet. Two labeled polytopes are isomorphic
if one can be mapped to the other by a translation and the corresponding
open facets have the same integer labels. definition theorem
classification 1. To every compact symplectic toric orbifold
(M,,T, ) there naturally corresponds a labeled polytope: The
image of the moment map (M) is a rational simple polytope. For
every open facet of (M) there exists a positive integer n such
that the structure group of every x -1 () is n . 2. Two compact
symplectic toric orbifolds are isomorphic if and only if their
associated labeled polytopes are isomorphic. 3. Every labeled
polytope arises from some compact symplectic toric orbifold.
theorem This theorem is proved in three parts, each of which
corresponds to one of the claims above: Theorem labeled polytope
, Theorem uniqueness , and Theorem existence . Finally, in Section
Compatible complex structures we consider Kahler structures on
symplectic toric orbifolds and show that every symplectic toric
orbifold is an algebraic toric variety. definition def four Let
be a convex polytope such that () () . Given a face F of , the
dual cone to F is the set C F , -' 0 for all F and ' . The fan
of is the set of cones dual to the faces of . definition theorem
1. Every compact symplectic toric orbifold admits an invariant
complex structure which is compatible with its symplectic form.
2. Two symplectic toric orbifolds with compatible complex structures
are equivariantly biholomorphic exactly if their image polytopes
have the same fans. 3. Every symplectic orbifold has the structure
of an algebraic toric variety with the fan dual to the image
polytope. theorem Acknowledgments At the conference Applications
of Symplectic Geometry at the Newton Institute, 10 31 94--11
11 94, we learned that R. de Souza and E. Prato have been working
independently on the same problem. It is a pleasure to thank
Chris Woodward for many useful discussions. In particular, section
local to global is joint work with Chris Woodward. We thank Sheldon
Chang for a number of helpful suggestions. Finally we would like
to thank the referee, whose comments helped us improve this paper.
PART 1. HAMILTONIAN TORUS ACTIONS ON SYMPLECTIC ORBIFOLDS Group
actions on orbifolds section action In this section, we recall
definitions related to actions of groups on orbifolds and describe
some properties of actions of compact groups. The main result
is the slice theorem. The presentation is largely self-contained
and borrows heavily from a paper of Haefliger and Salem HS .
We begin by defining orbifolds and related differential geometric
notions. For more details, see Satake Sa . An orbifold M is a
Hausdorff topological space M , plus an atlas of uniformizing
charts (,,) , where is an open subset of n , is a finite group
which acts linearly on so that the set of points where the action
is not free has codimension at least two, and : M induces a homeomorphism
from to U M . Just as for manifolds, these sets U must cover
M and are subject to compatibility conditions: enumerate For
every x M there exists (,,) such that x () . For every (,,) and
(',',') in and every x () there exists ('','','') such that x
''('') () '(') . For every (,,) and (',',') in such that () '(')
there exists an injection from (,,) to (',',') ---that is, a
smooth open embedding : ' such that ' . enumerate The assumption
that the set of points in a chart where the action is not free
has codimension at least 2 in implies that the injections are
equivariant (see Sa ). Additionally, there is a notion of when
two atlases of charts are equivalent. First, every atlas is directly
equivalent to any subatlas. More generally, we take the smallest
equivalence relationship so that every pair of directly equivalent
atlases are equivalent. Let and be orbifold atlases on spaces
M and N , respectively. A map f: M N is the following collection
of objects: for each , an element f() and a smooth map f : ,
and for every injection : ' a map f() : f() f(') such that f()
f f ' . A vector field on M is a -invariant vector field on each
uniformizing chart (,,) ; of course, these must agree on overlaps.
More precisely, if is an injection from (,,) to (',',') , then
( ') . Similar definitions apply to differential forms, metrics,
etc. Let x be a point in an orbifold M , and let (,, ) be a uniformizing
chart with x . The (orbifold) structure group of x is the isotropy
group x of , where () x . The group x is well defined as an abstract
group. The tangent space to in , considered as a representation
of x , is called the uniformized tangent space at x , and denoted
by xM . The quotient x M x is T x M , the fiber of the tangent
bundle of M at x . remark orbiproof ( Orbifolds versus manifolds
) , Throughout this paper, the reader will find many proofs which
simply claim that the the proof for orbifolds is strictly analogous"
to the proof for manifolds. By this, we mean that because the
usual proof (or the particular proof cited) is functorial, it
will also work for orbifolds. Because each local uniformizing
chart is itself a manifold, we can apply the manifold proof to
construct the desired object on it. If the construction is natural,
these local objects will form a global object on the orbifold.
Sometimes the construction depends on an additional structure,
but is natural once that structure is chosen. In this case, we
choose that structure on the orbifold, and then apply the above
reasoning. Let us illustrate this general philosophy in the case
of the tubular neighborhood theorem, which states that there
exists a neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle
of a suborbifold X M which is diffeomorphic to a neighborhood
of X in M . First, we choose a metric on M . Let's examine the
naturality condition explicitly in this case. Let and ' be manifolds
with metrics and submanifolds and ' respectively. Let N() and
N(') denote the normal bundles of and ' . Let : ' be an open
isometric embedding such that () () ' . The embedding induces
a map : N() N(') . Let : N() and ' : N(') ' be the diffeomorphisms
constructed in the proof of the tubular neighborhood theorem
for manifolds. The construction of is natural in the sense that
the following diagram commutes: xy N(X) r d U d N(X') r ' U'
xy Therefore, these maps form a diffeomorphism of orbifolds from
a neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle of the
suborbifold to a neighborhood of the suborbifold. Most authors
prefer natural constructions and make scrupulously clear which
choices are necessary. Therefore, for the most part, we have
not found it necessary to repeat what has been done well elsewhere.
This does not mean, of course, that orbifolds are identical to
manifolds. On the contrary, it is clear that orbifolds have more
local information. This is why for orbifolds Morse polynomials
must be defined slightly differently. It is also why our polytopes
have to have extra labels. A good rule of thumb is that the difference
between manifolds and orbifolds already arises on the level of
vector spaces and representations of finite groups. remark definition
def action Let G be a Lie group. A smooth action a of G on an
orbifold M is a smooth orbifold map a: GM M satisfying the usual
group laws, that is, for all g 1, g 2 G and x M a(g 1, a(g 2,
x )) a(g 1 g 2, x ) and a(1 G, x) x, where 1 G is the identity
element of G , and " means are equivalent as maps of orbifolds."
definition Definition def action implies that the action a induces
a continuous action a of G on the underlying topological space
M . In particular, for every g 0 G and x 0 M there are neighborhoods
W of g 0 in G , U of x 0 in M , and U' of a(g 0,x 0) in M , charts
(, , ) and (', ', ') and a smooth map : W' such that ' ((g, ))
a (g, (x)) for all (g, ) W . Note that is not unique, it is defined
up to composition with elements of the orbifold structure groups
of x 0 and ' of g 0x 0 . If g 0 1 G , the identity of G , then
we may assume ' , and we can choose such that (1 G, x) x . Then
induces a local action of G on . An action of a Lie group G on
an orbifold M induces an infinitesimal action of the Lie algebra
of G on M . For a vector , denote the corresponding induced vector
field by M . In particular, for any chart (,,) there exists a
invariant vector field on , and such vector fields satisfy compatibility
conditions. If a point x is fixed by the action of G and G is
compact, then the local action of G on the uniformizing chart
generates an action of on a subset , where is a cover of the
identity component of G . Note that the actions of and on commute
; otherwise a group action would not induce the corresponding
infinitesimal actions of the Lie algebra. More generally one
can show that for a fixed point x with structure group there
exist a uniformizing chart (,,) for a neighborhood U of x , an
exact sequence of groups 1 G 1, and an action of on such that
the following diagram commutes: xy GU r d U d GU r U xy The extension
of G depends on x and, in particular, is not globally defined.
The homomorphism :G induces an isomorphism of the Lie algebras
: , and for any we have (()) . The simplest examples of group
actions on orbifolds are linear actions of groups on vector orbi-spaces.
A vector orbi-space is a quotient of the form V , where V is
a vector space and is a finite subgroup of (V) . We define (V
) : N() , where N() is the normalizer of in (V) . The group (V
) does act on the orbifold V in the sense of Definition def action
. We define a representation :H (V ) of a group H on the vector
orbi-space V to be a group homomorphism : H N() . A representation
of H on V defines an action of H on the orbifold V . For a more
detailed discussion of representations, please see Section secsymploc
. Let G be a compact Lie group acting on an orbifold M . Let
x be a point in M , let be its orbifold structure group, and
let G x be its stabilizer. Because commutes with the local action
of G x on a chart , the uniformized tangent space x (Gx) xM is
fixed by . Thus, there is a natural representation of the isotropy
group G x of x on the vector orbi-space W , where W x M x (Gx)
(we may also identify W with the orthogonal complement to x (Gx)
in x M with respect to some invariant metric). Because of Proposition
slice prop below we will refer to the vector orbi-space W as
the (differential) slice for the action of G at x , and to the
representation G x (W ) as the (differential) slice representation
. proposition slice prop ( Slice theorem ) Suppose that a compact
Lie group G acts on an orbifold M and Gx is an orbit of G . A
G invariant neighborhood of the orbit is equivariantly diffeomorphic
to a neighborhood of the zero section in the associated orbi-bundle
G G x W , where G x is the isotropy group of x with respect to
the action of G , is the orbifold structure group of x , and
W x M x (Gx) . proposition pf This is strictly analogous to the
slice theorem for actions on manifolds, and follows from the
fact that metrics can be averaged over compact Lie groups (cf.
Remark orbiproof ). pf remark As in the case of manifolds, the
compactness of the group G is not necessary for the slice theorem.
It is enough to require that the induced action on the underling
topological space is proper. remark For an action of a connected
group G on an orbifold M , it follows from the existence of slices
that the fixed point set M G is a suborbifold. Strictly speaking,
M G might have codimension 1 strata and so would not be an orbifold
in the sense of this paper. However, for symplectic actions on
symplectic orbifolds, the codimension of M G is at least two.
, Therefore, the decomposition of M into infinitesimal orbit
types is a stratification into suborbifolds. On the other hand,
the fixed point set M G need not be a suborbifold if the group
G is not connected. example Let (2) act on 2 by sending (x,y)
to (-x,-y) Let G (2) act on 2 by sending x,y to x,-y . Then the
fixed point set M G is x,0 0,y . example Consequently the decomposition
of an orbifold according to the orbit type is not a stratification.
Fortunately the following lemma holds. lemma lem.princ.orbittype
If G is a compact Lie group acting on a connected orbifold M
, then there exists an open dense subset of M consisting of points
with the same orbit type. lemma pf We first decompose the orbifold
into the open dense set of smooth points M smooth and the set
of singular points. Since we assume that all the singularities
have codimension 2 or greater, M smooth is connected. A smooth
group action preserves this decomposition. Since G is compact,
the action of G on M smooth has a principal orbit type (see for
example Theorem 4.27 in Kaw ). The set of points of this orbit
type is open and dense in M smooth , hence open and dense in
M . pf corollary cor.loc free If a torus T acts effectively on
a connected orbifold M , then the action of T is free on a dense
open subset of M . corollary Symplectic local normal forms secsymploc
In this section, we write down normal forms for the neighborhoods
of isotropic orbits of a compact Lie group G which acts on a
symplectic manifold (M,) in a Hamiltonian fashion; that is, we
classify such neighborhoods up to G equivariant symplectomorphisms.
We also point out consequences of these normal forms. The definitions
of symplectic manifolds, symplectic group actions, moment maps,
and Hamiltonian actions carry over verbatim to the category of
orbifolds. To wit, a symplectic orbifold is an orbifold M with
a closed non-degenerate 2 -form . A group G acts symplectically
on (M,) if the action preserves . A moment map : M for this action
is a G equivariant map such that ( M ) , d, , for all . If there
is a moment map, we say that G acts on (M,) in a Hamiltonian
fashion . The simplest symplectic orbifold is a symplectic vector
orbi-space V , where V is a symplectic vector space and is a
finite subgroup of the symplectic group (V) . The following discussion
also holds, mutatis mutandis, for the general linear group, the
orthogonal group, etc. Two symplectic vector orbi-spaces are
isomorphic if there exists a linear symplectic isomorphism :
V V' such that -1 ' . In this case we write : V V' ' . Let (V
) denote the group of symplectic isomorphisms of V ; it is the
group N() , where N() is the normalizer of in (V) . A symplectic
representation of a group H on a symplectic vector orbi-space
V is a group homomorphism : H (V ) . Two symplectic representations
: H (V ) and ' : H (V' ' ) are isomorphic if there exists an
isomorphism : V V' ' such that ' -1 . In particular, two symplectic
representations : H (V ) and ' : H (V ) are isomorphic if there
exists (V ) such that ' -1 . lemma lem orbi-rep Let : H (V )
be a symplectic representation of a group H on a symplectic vector
orbi-space V , and let N() denote the normalizer of in (V) .
The representation and the short exact sequence 1N() (V ) 1 give
rise to the pull-back extension : H and the (symplectic) pull-back
representation :N() (V) , so that is naturally a subgroup of
, and the following diagram is exact and commutes: equation eq
orbi-rep xy 1 r d r H d r H d r 1 1 r r N() r (V ) r 1 xy equation
If is faithful then is also faithful. Conversely, given a symplectic
representation :(V) of a group on a symplectic vector space V
and a finite normal subgroup of such that is faithful on , there
exists a symplectic orbi-representation : H (V ) of the quotient
H making the diagram eq orbi-rep commute. lemma pf Pull-backs
exist in the category of groups. pf lemma lem lin momentmap Let
: H (V ) be a symplectic representation of a group H on a symplectic
vector orbi-space (V , ) . The action of H on V is Hamiltonian
with a moment map V : V given by the formula equation eq lin
moment , V (v) 12 (v, v) for all and vV , equation where v is
the value at v of the vector field on V induced by the infinitesimal
action of . The diagram xy V r d V V d V l xy commutes, where
V is the moment map for the action on V of the pull-back extension
:H , and : is the isomorphism of Lie algebras induced by the
homomorphism :H . lemma pf It is easy to see that equation eq
lin moment defines a moment map. To show that the diagram commutes,
it is enough to show that the moment map V :V for the action
of the pull-back extension on V is invariant. But commutes with
the identity component of . pf Although the following lemma is
well known", we give a proof in Appendix appendix since a published
proof does not seem to be readily available. lemma cor weight
rep There is a bijective correspondence between isomorphism classes
of 2n dimensional symplectic representations of a torus H and
unordered n tuples of elements (possibly with repetition) of
the weight lattice of H . Let (V,) be a 2n dimensional symplectic
vector space. Let : H (V, ) be a symplectic representation with
weights ( 1, , n) . There exist a decomposition (V, ) i (V i,
i) into invariant mutually perpendicular 2-dimensional symplectic
subspaces and an invariant norm compatible with the symplectic
form i so that the representation of H on (V i, i) has weight
i and the moment map :V is given by equation eq moment map (v
1, , v n) v i 2 i for all v (v 1, , v n) i V i. equation lemma
corollary cor rational cone Let : H (V ) be a symplectic representation
of a torus H on a symplectic vector orbi-space (V , ) . The image
of the corresponding moment map V (V ) is a polyhedral cone in
which is rational with respect to the lattice , where is the
kernel of the exponential map of H , a.k.a. the lattice of circle
subgroups of H . corollary pf This follows from Lemma lem lin
momentmap and equation eq moment map in Lemma cor weight rep
. pf Linear symplectic actions of groups on symplectic vector
orbi-spaces are not only relatively easy to understand; they
lie at the heart of every nonlinear Hamiltonian action. Given
a compact Lie group G which acts on a symplectic orbifold (M,)
in a Hamiltonian fashion, we define the symplectic slice at a
point x M as follows. The 2 -form induces a non-degenerate antisymmetric
bilinear form on xM . Let (Gx) be the symplectic perpendicular
to the tangent space of G x with respect to this form. The quotient
V (Gx) ( (Gx)(Gx) ) is naturally a symplectic vector space, The
structure group of x acts symplectically on xM and acts trivially
on (G x) ; therefore, acts symplectically on V . The symplectic
slice at x is the symplectic vector orbi-space V . The linear
action of G x on xM is symplectic and preserves (G x) . Therefore,
it induces a symplectic representation of G x on V , the (symplectic)
slice representation . As in the case of manifolds, the differential
slice at x is isomorphic, as a G x representation, to the product
x V , where x denotes the annihilator of x in . Thus, by Proposition
slice prop , a neighborhood of the orbit G x in (M, ) is equivariantly
diffeomorphic to a neighborhood of the zero section in the associated
orbi-bundle Y G G x ( x V ). Lemma locsymp Let G be a compact
Lie group. Let Gx be an isotropic orbit in a Hamiltonian G orbifold
(M, ) and let G x (V ) be the symplectic slice representation
at x . For every G x equivariant projection A: x , there is a
G invariant symplectic form Y on the orbifold Y G G x ( x V )
such that enumerate a neighborhood of Gx in M is equivariantly
symplectomorphic to a neighborhood of the zero section in Y ,
and the action of G on (Y, Y) is Hamiltonian with a moment map
Y : Y given by Y ( g, , v ) Ad (g) ( A V (v)), enumerate where
Ad is the coadjoint action, A : x is dual to A , x is the annihilator
of x in , and V : V x is the moment map for the slice representation
of G x . Lemma pf The construction is standard in the case of
manifolds (cf. GS ); we adapt it for orbifolds. Let x be the
pull-back extension of the isotropy group G x (cf. Lemma lem
orbi-rep ). The group G x acts on G by g x g g g x -1 ; this
lifts to a symplectic action on the cotangent bundle T G . The
corresponding diagonal action of x on T G V is Hamiltonian. The
projection A: x defines a left G -invariant connection 1-form
on the principal G x bundle G G G x , and thereby identifies
Y with the reduced space at zero (T G V) 0 , thus giving Y a
symplectic structure. The G moment map on T G V descends to a
moment map for the action of G on Y , giving the formula in (2)
. The proof that the neighborhoods are equivariantly symplectomorphic
reduces to a form of the equivariant relative Darboux theorem;
it is identical to the proof in the case of manifolds (see Remark
orbiproof ). pf Remark uniqueness remark Symplectic slice representations
classify neighborhoods of orbits in the following sense. Let
a compact Lie group G act on symplectic orbifolds (M,) and (M',')
in a Hamiltonian fashion with moment maps and ' respectively.
Let G x M and Gx' M' be isotropic orbits. Clearly, if there exist
neighborhoods U of Gx and U' of Gx' and a G equivariant symplectomorphism
: U U' such that (x) x' , then the stabilizer of x and x' is
the same group H , and the slice representations at x and x'
are isomorphic. Conversely, if the stabilizer of x and x' is
the same group H , and the symplectic slice representations at
x and x' are isomorphic, then it follows from Lemma locsymp that
there exist neighborhoods U of Gx and U' of Gx' and a G equivariant
symplectomorphism : U U' such that (x) x' and ' const . Remark
Remark abelian remark lem.loc convex Suppose again that a group
G acts in a Hamiltonian fashion on a symplectic orbifold (M,)
with moment map :M . Suppose further that the group G is a torus
. Then the coadjoint action of G is trivial and every orbit is
isotropic. It follows from Lemma locsymp that, given an orbit
Gx M , there exist an invariant neighborhood U of the orbit in
M , a neighborhood W of the zero section in the associated bundle
G G x ( x V ) (where G x is the isotropy group of x , x is the
annihilator of its Lie algebra in and V is the symplectic slice
at x ) and an equivariant diffeomorphism : W U sending the zero
section to Gx such that equation () ( g, , v ) A ( V (v)), equation
where (x) and A : x is an inclusion with x A ( x ) . Consequently
equation eq nbd image (U) ( W 1) (C W 2), equation where W 1
x is a neighborhood of 0 and W 2 A ( x ) is a neighborhood of
the vertex of a rational polyhedral cone C ( C V (V ) is a rational
polyhedral cone by Corollary cor rational cone ). Remark The
following result is a consequence of Lemma locsymp above. corollary
If a subgroup H G is connected, then M H , the set of points
which are fixed by H , is a symplectic suborbifold. corollary
Lemma reduction lemma Let a compact group G act in a Hamiltonian
fashion on a symplectic orbifold (M,) with moment map : M . For
a regular value of which is fixed by the coadjoint action, the
reduced space of M at , M -1 () G , is a symplectic orbifold.
Lemma pf Consider x -1 () . Because is regular, the stabilizer
G x of x is finite. Since is fixed by the adjoint action, G x
is an isotropic orbit. Let G x (V ) be the symplectic slice representation
at x . By Lemma locsymp , there is a G invariant symplectic form
on the orbifold Y G G x ( V ) such that a neighborhood U of Gx
in M is equivariantly symplectomorphic to a neighborhood of the
zero section in Y , and the moment map Y : Y is given by Y (
g, , v ) Ad (g) (), where Ad is the coadjoint action. It is easy
to see that -1 () U is isomorphic to G G x V . Therefore, a neighborhood
of x in M is isomorphic to V x , where x is the extension of
G x by . pf remark enumerate We believe that the assumptions
that the group G is compact and that is fixed by the coadjoint
action are not necessary. It should be enough to assume that
the action of G on the underlying topological space M is proper
and that the coadjoint orbit through is locally closed. If additionally
we drop the assumption that is a regular value of the moment
map, then the quotient -1 (G) G should be a symplectic stratified
space in the sense of SL . enumerate A proof of these two assertions
would take us too far afield, so we only note that we expect
the argument in BL to carry over to the case of orbifolds. remark
Morse theory section.Morse In this section, we extend Morse theory
to orbifolds. Since orbifolds are stratified spaces, for Morse
functions with isolated fixed points this is a special case of
Morse theory on stratified spaces MTSS . We need Morse theory
for the following result, which we will prove in the first part
of this section. Lemma onedim Let M be a connected compact orbifold,
and let f: M be a Bott-Morse function such that no critical suborbifold
has index 1 or (M)-1 . The orbifold M (a,b) f -1 (a,b) is connected
for all a, b . Lemma We will use this result in the next section
to prove that the fibers of a torus moment map are connected,
and that the image of a compact symplectic orbifold under a torus
moment map is a convex polytope. In the second part of the section
we discuss the notion of Morse polynomials for functions on orbifolds
and prove the Morse inequalities. Most of the basic definitions
needed for Morse theory on orbifolds are strictly analogous to
their manifold counterparts. Let f: M be a smooth function on
an orbifold M . A critical point x of f is non-degenerate if
the Hessian H(f) x of f is non-degenerate. More generally, a
critical suborbifold F M is non-degenerate if for every point
x F , the null space of the Hessian H(f) x is precisely the tangent
space to F . In this case, the Hessian restricts to a non-degenerate
quadratic form H on the normal bundle E of F in M . A smooth
function f: M is Bott-Morse if the set of critical points is
the disjoint union of non-degenerate suborbifolds, and is Morse
if each of these suborbifolds is an (isolated) point. Lemma Let
M be a compact orbifold. Let f: M be a smooth function. Choose
a b such that a,b contains no critical values. The orbifolds
M - a : f -1 (-,a) and M - b : f -1 (-,b) are diffeomorphic,
and so are the orbifolds f -1 (a) and f -1 (b) . Lemma pf The
usual proof still applies, i.e., the diffeomorphism is given
by flows of the (renormalized) gradient of f with respect to
a Riemannian metric. pf For critical points, the situation is
only slightly more complicated. Lemma ( Morse Lemma ) Let F be
a non-degenerate critical suborbifold of a smooth function f
on an orbifold M . Let H be the restriction of the Hessian to
the normal bundle E of F . There exists a homeomorphism from
a neighborhood of the zero section of E to a neighborhood of
F such that H f . Lemma pf The proof of the Morse lemma in MW
can be generalized to vector bundles by carrying out the construction
fiber by fiber. Moreover, the construction is functorial once
a metric has been chosen on M . (See Remark orbiproof .) Alternatively,
one can apply the same reasoning to Palais' proof of the Morse
lemma (cf. Lang ). In this case, the map will be a diffeomorphism.
pf Let F be an non-degenerate critical suborbifold of a smooth
function f on a compact orbifold M . Let H be the restriction
of the Hessian to the normal bundle E of F . The bundle E splits
as a direct sum of vector orbi-bundles E - and E corresponding
to the negative and positive spectrum of H . (By Remark orbiproof
, this splitting exists because such a splitting exists and is
natural in the manifold case, once a metric is chosen.) The index
of F is the rank of E - . We need only the following homological
consequence of the above lemmas. lemma morsebott Let M be a compact
orbifold, and let f: M be a Bott-Morse function. Choose an interval
a,b which contains a unique critical value c . Let F be the critical
suborbifold such that f(F) c . Let E - be the negative normal
bundle, let D D F denote a disc bundle of E - and let S S F denote
the corresponding sphere bundle. The relative cohomology H (M
- b,M - a) H (D F,S F) . Moreover, the boundary map from H q(M
- b,M - a) to H q-1 (M - b) in the long exact sequence of relative
homology is the composition of the isomorphism of H (M - b,M
- a) and H (D F,S F) , the boundary map from H q(D F,S F) to
H q-1 (S F) , and the map on homology induced by the inclusion''
map j from S F to M - a . That is, the following diagram commutes:
xy H q(M - b, M - a) r d H q(D F, S F) d H q-1 (M a -) H q-1
(S F) l j xy lemma pf Again, the manifold proof (see for example
Chang ) can be adapted. The orbifold M - b has the homotopy type
of the space obtained by attaching the disk orbi-bundle D F to
M a by a map from S F to f -1 (a) . The result then follows from
excision. pf We now prove Lemma onedim with a sequence of lemmas.
Lemma lemmanotone Let F be an orbifold, let : E F be a dimensional
real vector orbi-bundle, and let D and S be the corresponding
disk and sphere orbi-bundles with respect to some metric. If
0 , then H 0(S) 0 , so H 0(D,S) 0 . Moreover, if 1 , then H 1(D,S)
0 . In either case, the boundary map H 1(D,S) H 0(S) is trivial.
Lemma pf If 0 then S is empty, so the result is trivial. Suppose
that 1 ; we wish to show that H 1(D,S) 0 . By the long exact
sequence in relative homology it is enough to show that the maps
H 0 (S) H 0 (D) and H 1 (S) H 1 (D) induced by inclusion are
injective and surjective, respectively. But this follows from
two facts: the fibers of : S F are path connected, and any path
in the base F can be lifted to a path in the sphere bundle S
. pf Lemma Morsesurj Let M be a connected compact orbifold, and
let f: M be a Bott-Morse function with no critical suborbifold
of index 1 . Then enumerate M - a: m M: f(m) a is connected for
all a , and if M - a , then H 1(M - a) H 1(M) is a surjection.
enumerate Lemma pf Let F M be a critical suborbifold of f of
index . Let D F and S F be the disk and sphere bundles of the
negative orbi-bundle over F . Let a f(F) , and let 0 be small.
Assume, for simplicity, that no other critical suborbifold maps
to a . By Lemma lemmanotone , the map H 1(D F,S F) H 0(S F) is
trivial. Therefore, by Lemma morsebott , the map H 1(M - a ,M
- a- ) H 0(M - a- ) is also trivial. Thus by the long exact sequence
in relative homology, the following sequence is exact: 0 H 0(M
- a- ) H 0(M - a ) H 0(M - a ,M - a- ) 0. Therefore, H 0(M -
a ) H 0(M - a - ) . Since M is connected, this proves that M
a - is connected for all a . If 0 , then H 0(M - a ) is strictly
greater than H 0(M - a - ) . Therefore, since M is connected,
the minimum is the unique critical value of index 0 . For any
other critical value a , H 1(M - a ,M - a- ) 0 , by Lemma lemmanotone
and Lemma morsebott . Thus, by the long exact sequence in relative
homology, the map H 1(M - a- ) H 1(M - a ) is a surjection. pf
pf Proof of Lemma onedim We may assume that a and b are regular
values and that M (a,b) : m M a f(m) b is not empty. By Lemma
Morsesurj , H 1(M - a) H 1(M b) H 1(M) is a surjection, where
M b : f -1 (b,) . Therefore, by Mayer-Vietoris, the following
sequence is exact: 0 H 0(M (a,b) ) H 0(M - a) H 0(M b) H 0(M)
0. By Lemma Morsesurj , M - a and M b are connected. Therefore
M (a,b) is connected. pf 1 Morse polynomials We conclude the
section with a few words about Morse polynomials for orbifolds.
These observations are not used in the rest of the paper. Let
M be a compact orbifold. The Poincare polynomial (x) is defined
by (x) i 0 H i(M) x i. Let f: M be a Bott-Morse function. For
each critical set F , let E F - be the vector orbi-bundle corresponding
to the negative spectrum of the Hessian of f along F . Let D
F denote a disc bundle of E F - with respect to any metric, and
let S F denote the corresponding sphere bundle. The Morse polynomial
(x) is defined by (x) F i 0 H i(D F,S F) x i, where the sum is
taken over all critical orbifolds F . theorem Let M be a compact
orbifold, and let f: M be a Bott-Morse function. If is the Poincare
polynomial of M , and is the Morse polynomial of f , then (x)-
(x) (1 x) Q(x), where Q is a polynomial with nonnegative coefficients.
theorem pf Just as for manifolds, this follows immediately from
Lemma morsebott and a spectral sequence argument. pf However,
there is one very important distinction between Morse theory
on manifolds and on orbifolds. For simplicity consider the case
of isolated critical points. For a manifold, H i(D,S) is easy
to compute; over any field, it is one if D i , and zero otherwise.
Over finite fields, H i(D ,S ) may be much more complicated.
However, it is easy to see that H i(D ,S ;) 0 if i D ; whereas
if i D , then H i(D ,S ;) if preserves the orientation of D ,
and is trivial otherwise. Therefore, the i th coefficient of
the Morse polynomial is the number of points x of index i such
that the the orbifold structure group of x preserves the orientation
of the negative eigenspace of the Hessian. corollary The number
of critical points with index i is greater than or equal to the
dimension of H i(M) . corollary example Let M be a torus, stood
on end (see Figure 1). Let f: M be the height function. Let (2)
act on M by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis.
Although there are four critical points, (x) 1 2x x 2 . example
figure t 0.008in picture (441,400)(10,-50) (81,185) 80 156 (80,184)
160 240 (440,44)(439,329) (441.028,321.007)(439.000,329.000)(437.028,320.993)
(182,183)(216,183) (208.000,181.000)(216.000,183.000)(208.000,185.000)
(342,185)(386,185) (378.000,183.000)(386.000,185.000)(378.000,187.000)
(322,63) (317.538,63.540) (313.694,64.045) (310.404,64.527) (307.603,64.998)
(303.210,65.951) (300.000,67.000) (300,67) (295.689,69.213) (293.183,70.748)
(290.604,72.447) (285.716,75.957) (282.000,79.000) (282,79) (279.609,81.365)
(276.868,84.374) (273.917,87.832) (270.899,91.542) (267.956,95.310)
(265.230,98.939) (262.864,102.235) (261.000,105.000) (261,105)
(258.511,109.277) (257.081,111.960) (255.625,114.812) (254.215,117.688)
(252.926,120.442) (251.000,125.000) (251,125) (249.666,129.365)
(248.963,132.083) (248.267,134.956) (247.599,137.835) (246.984,140.569)
(246.000,145.000) (246,145) (245.010,149.381) (244.408,152.088)
(243.791,154.947) (243.200,157.812) (242.677,160.539) (242.000,165.000)
(242,165) (241.710,168.978) (241.516,173.834) (241.453,176.500)
(241.412,179.275) (241.391,182.124) (241.390,185.009) (241.409,187.893)
(241.445,190.741) (241.499,193.515) (241.569,196.179) (241.757,201.030)
(242.000,205.000) (242,205) (242.481,209.221) (242.850,211.812)
(243.273,214.539) (243.724,217.260) (244.179,219.837) (245.000,224.000)
(245,224) (246.144,228.680) (246.906,231.551) (247.741,234.570)
(248.608,237.579) (249.468,240.425) (251.000,245.000) (251,245)
(252.753,249.297) (253.899,251.913) (255.148,254.653) (256.441,257.373)
(257.719,259.933) (260.000,264.000) (260,264) (263.219,268.468)
(265.314,271.116) (267.578,273.857) (269.894,276.553) (272.147,279.067)
(276.000,283.000) (276,283) (280.956,287.218) (284.088,289.681)
(287.446,292.196) (290.873,294.624) (294.213,296.826) (297.307,298.664)
(300.000,300.000) (300,300) (303.061,301.052) (307.253,302.007)
(309.927,302.477) (313.069,302.958) (316.739,303.462) (321.000,304.000)
(321,263) (316.651,261.327) (312.917,259.833) (309.738,258.489)
(307.051,257.267) (302.909,255.067) (300.000,253.000) (300,253)
(296.152,248.198) (294.346,245.330) (293.000,243.000) (293,243)
(290.975,238.912) (289.825,236.355) (288.660,233.641) (287.538,230.910)
(286.515,228.300) (285.000,224.000) (285,224) (283.891,219.626)
(283.312,216.910) (282.745,214.041) (282.210,211.166) (281.727,208.435)
(281.000,204.000) (281,204) (280.412,199.831) (280.081,197.254)
(279.758,194.535) (279.464,191.811) (279.225,189.221) (279.000,185.000)
(279,185) (279.215,180.557) (279.454,177.832) (279.749,174.964)
(280.075,172.101) (280.408,169.389) (281.000,165.000) (281,165)
(281.688,160.344) (282.138,157.477) (282.644,154.458) (283.194,151.445)
(283.777,148.593) (285.000,144.000) (285,144) (286.902,139.622)
(288.217,137.012) (289.662,134.296) (291.148,131.606) (292.591,129.073)
(295.000,125.000) (295,125) (296.375,122.700) (298.158,119.822)
(302.000,115.000) (302,115) (304.652,113.231) (308.406,111.433)
(310.835,110.465) (313.707,109.419) (317.077,108.272) (321.000,107.000)
(321,303) (319.271,298.589) (318.090,295.306) (317.000,291.000)
(317,291) (316.893,287.638) (317.140,283.449) (317.567,279.285)
(318.000,276.000) (318,276) (318.908,271.452) (319.771,267.866)
(321.000,263.000) (321,106) (319.271,101.589) (318.090,98.306)
(317.000,94.000) (317,94) (316.893,90.638) (317.140,86.449) (317.567,82.285)
(318.000,79.000) (318,79) (318.908,74.451) (319.771,70.866) (321.000,66.000)
(193,196) (0,0) lb f (357,196) (0,0) lb f (51,30) (0,0) lb torus
(279,36) (0,0) lb torus 2 (450,312) (0,0) lb (200,0) (0,0) lb
Figure 1 picture figure Connectedness and convexity In this section,
we prove an analogue of the Atiyah connectedness theorem and
the Atiyah-Guillemin-Sternberg convexity theorem for Hamiltonian
torus actions on symplectic orbifolds GS . That is, we prove
that the fibers of the moment map are connected, and that the
image of the moment map is a rational convex polytope. Our proofs
are similar to Atiyah's proofs (op. cit.). The fibers are connected
because the components of the moment map are Bott-Morse functions
with even indices, and convexity is an consequence of connectedness.
The precise statements of these theorems follow. Theorem connected
Let a torus T act on a compact connected symplectic orbifold
(M,) , with a moment map :M . For every a , the fiber -1 (a)
is connected. Theorem Theorem convex Let a torus T act on a compact
connected symplectic orbifold (M,) , with a moment map :M . The
image of the moment map (M) is a rational convex polytope. In
particular it is the convex hull of the image of the points in
M fixed by T , (M) convex hull ((M T)). Theorem To prove these
theorems, we will use the following lemma. lemma lemma Bott-Morse
Let a compact Lie group G act on a compact symplectic orbifold
(M, ) with moment map : M . For every the th component of the
moment map : is Bott-Morse, and the index of every critical orbifold
is even. lemma pf This is a generalization of Theorem 5.3 in
GS and of Lemma 2.2 in to the case of orbifolds. The proof is
the same, except one must use the orbifold version of the equivariant
Darboux theorem (cf. Remark orbiproof and Lemma locsymp , which
specializes to the equivariant Darboux theorem when the orbit
is a point). pf Remark If a component of the moment map has isolated
critical points, the orbifold isotropy group of the critical
points preserves the symplectic form, and hence the orientation,
on the negative eigenspace of the Hessian. Therefore, these maps
are perfect Morse functions, i.e., the i th coefficient of the
Morse polynomial equals the i th coefficient of the Poincare
polynomial, i H i (M) . Remark pf Proof of Theorem connected
We will prove that the preimage of any ball is connected by induction
on the dimension of T . Because the moment map is continuous
and proper, this implies that the fibers of are connected. Consider
first the case of T 1 . By Lemma lemma Bott-Morse , moment maps
for circle actions are Bott-Morse functions of even index. By
Lemma onedim , the preimage of any ball is connected. Suppose
that T is a k dimensional torus, k 1 , and let B be a closed
ball in . Let denote the lattice of circle subgroups of T . For
every 0 the map is a moment map for the action of the circle
S : t: t . Let denote the set of regular values of . For every
a the reduced space M a, : () -1 (a) S is a symplectic orbifold
( reduction lemma ). The k-1 dimensional torus H: T S acts on
M a, in a Hamiltonian fashion. The affine hyperplane : () a is
naturally isomorphic to the dual of the Lie algebra of H . This
isomorphism identifies the restriction of to ( ) -1 (a) with
the pull-back of an H -moment map H by the orbit map :( ) -1
(a) M a, . By the inductive assumption the preimages of balls
under H are connected. Therefore, -1 (B : () a ) -1 ( ( H) -1
(B)) is connected. Now the set U a B : () a is connected and
dense in the ball B , and its preimage -1 (U) is connected. Therefore
the closure -1 (U) in M is connected. By Lemma locsymp , -1 (U)
-1 () . Hence -1 (B) -1 () is connected. pf pf Proof of Theorem
convex Without loss of generality the action of T is effective,
and hence, by Corollary cor.loc free , free on a dense subset.
Consequently the interior of (M) is nonempty. To prove that (M)
is convex it suffices to show that the intersection L (M) is
connected for any rational affine line L , i.e., any line of
the form L a for some a in and in the weight lattice of T . Define
: . Let i be the dual of the inclusion i: , and let i (a) . The
map H : i : M is the moment map for a subtorus H () of T . The
fibers ( H) -1 () are connected by Theorem connected . On the
other hand, ( H) -1 () -1 ((i ) -1 ()) -1 ((M) (a )). Next, we
show that (M) is the convex hull of (M T)) . By Minkowski's theorem,
since the set (M) is compact and convex, it is the convex hull
of its extreme points. Recall that a point in the convex set
A is extreme for A if it cannot be written in the form (1-) for
any , A and (0,1) . It follows from Lemma locsymp and Remark
abelian remark that for any point m in a Hamiltonian T orbifold
M , the image (M) contains an open ball in the affine plane (m)
m , where m is the annihilator of the isotropy Lie algebra of
m in . Therefore the preimage of extreme points of (M) consists
entirely of fixed points. To show that (M) is a convex polytope
it suffices to show that (M T) is finite. This follows from that
facts that M T is closed, M is compact, and is locally constant
on M T . Therefore, we can write (M) as (M) i 1 N , i i for all
i , for some i and i , where N is the number of facets. To prove
that (M) is rational we need to show that for each i , the subgroup
H H i T , which is the closure of t i: t , is a circle. The global
maximum of the function i is i . Therefore the points in ( i
) -1 ( i) are fixed by H . On the other hand, for a generic m
in ( i ) -1 ( i) , the image d(T mM) has codimension one, so
the stabilizer of m is one dimensional. pf PART 2. TORIC VARIETIES
Local models for symplectic toric orbifolds In this section,
we prove the first claim in our main theorem by showing that
a labeled polytope can be naturally associated to each symplectic
toric orbifold. Additionally, we prove that if two symplectic
toric orbifolds have the same labeled polytope associated to
them, then they are locally isomorphic. We begin with linear
actions. lemma linear Let : H (V ) be a faithful symplectic representation
of a compact abelian Lie group H on a symplectic vector orbi-space
such that V 2 H . The pull-back extension : H (cf. Lemma lem
orbi-rep ) is a torus. A fortiori, H is a torus. lemma pf Since
the orbi-representation : H (V ) is faithful, the pull-back representation
: (V) is also faithful. Let denote the identity component of
. The subgroup () is an n dimensional torus in (V) , where n
12 V . Every maximal compact subgroup of (V) is isomorphic to
U(n) . Every maximal torus of U(n) is n dimensional. Therefore,
since the only elements of U(n) which commute with a maximal
torus are the elements of that torus, we will be done once we
show that every a commutes with . Given a , define a continuous
homomorphism f a: by f(h) a h a -1 . Notice that f a (e) e ,
where e is the identity element of . Moreover, since H is abelian,
(f a (h)) (a) (h) (a) -1 (h) . Therefore, for all h , f a (h)
h , i.e., a commutes with . pf Let be a vector space with a lattice
. A vector g is primitive if there is no positive integer n 1
such that 1ng . A rational cone in is a set C such that C f i,
0 , where f i for all i . We may assume the normals f i are primitive.
A cone is strictly convex if it contains no nontrivial subspace.
A cone is simplicial if it spans and has facets. lemma lemma
weights-cones 1. Let : H (V ) be a faithful symplectic representation
of a torus H on a symplectic vector orbi-space such that V 2
H , and let : V be the corresponding moment map. The image (V
) is a rational strictly convex simplicial cone (relative to
the lattice of circle subgroups ). For every open facet of this
cone there exists a positive integer m such that m is the orbifold
structure group of every point in -1 () , the preimage of . Conversely,
consider a strictly convex simplicial rational cone C in and
a set of positive integers m indexed by the open facets of C
. There exists a unique faithful symplectic representation :H
( V ) such that V 2 H , (V ) C , and for every open facet of
C the orbifold structure group of every point x M such that (x)
is m . 2. The preimage -1 (0) is a single point. 3. The structure
group , where is the lattice of circle subgroups of H , and is
the lattice generated by m (C) , where (C) is the set of open
facets of C and is the primitive outward normal of an open facet
(C) . lemma pf We first show how an orbi-representation gives
rise to a labeled cone. Let : H be the the pull-back extension,
let be the pullback representation of on V , and let :V be the
associated moment map. By Lemma linear , is a torus. By Lemma
cor weight rep , the vector space V can be split into the direct
sum of symplectic, invariant two dimensional subspaces, V V i
. Let i :V i denote the i th subrepresentation, and let f i denote
the corresponding weight. Since the representation is faithful,
the vectors f i form a basis of the weight lattice. Let e i denote
the dual basis of the lattice . By equation eq moment map in
Lemma cor weight rep the image (V) is the strictly convex simplicial
rational cone (V) e i, 0 . By Lemma lem lin momentmap , the diagram
xy V r d V V d V l xy commutes, where : is the isomorphism of
Lie algebras induced by : H , and is its transpose. Therefore,
the image of is the rational simplicial cone (V ) (e i), 0 ,
the open facets j of this cone are given by j (e i), 0 , for
i j, , (e j), 0 , and their preimages are -1 ( j) (v 1, , v n)
(V i) v j 0, , v i 0 for i j . Consequently for any v -1 ( j)
the stabilizer of v V in is i j ( i ) , the circle subgroup with
Lie algebra e j . Therefore, the stabilizer of v in is m j ,
where m j is the integer such that the primitive element of the
intersection of the ray 0 (e j) with the lattice is 1 m j (e
j) . Conversely, suppose we are given a rational strictly convex
simplicial cone C in , and a collection of positive integers
m indexed by the set F (C) of open facets of C . For every open
facet F (C) there exists a primitive vector g such that C g ,
0, , for all , F (C) . Because C is simplicial, the set e m g
F (C) is a basis of a sublattice of . Let f e denote the dual
basis of . Let be the torus . By Lemma cor weight rep there exists
a unique symplectic representation : (V) with weights f . Clearly
V 2 . Since f is a basis, the representation is faithful. Let
. There is a short exact sequence 1 H 1 . Thus defines an orbi-representation
: H (V ) . We leave it for the reader to show that the image
of the corresponding moment map is the cone C and that the orbifold
structure groups of points in the preimages of open facets are
cyclic groups of the correct orders. pf lemma local Let (M,,T,
) be a compact symplectic toric orbifold. For a point a(M) let
H be the isotropy group of any x -1 (a) , and let H (V ) be the
symplectic slice representation at x . Then V 2 T , the action
of H on V is effective, and consequently H is a torus. Choose
a subtorus K of T complementary to H . There exist a neighborhood
W of a and a T -equivariant symplectic embedding : (W) T K V
which maps the fiber (a) to K 0 (the action of T KH on the right-hand
side is the product action). Therefore equation image cor W(M)
W (a V (V )) equation (where we have identified ). lemma pf By
the discussion preceding Lemma locsymp , the differential slice
at x is the product representation V . Therefore, by the slice
theorem (Proposition slice prop ), a neighborhood of the orbit
Tx is diffeomorphic to a neighborhood of the zero section in
the associated bundle T H ( V ) . Since M 2 T and the action
of T on M is effective, V 2 H and the action of H on V is effective.
Therefore, by Lemma linear H is a torus. Consequently, T H (
V ) (KH) H ( V ) T K V . Note that the product T K V has a natural
product symplectic form, that the zero section of T K is isotropic
in the product and that the symplectic slice at a point of the
zero section is V . By Remark uniqueness remark there exist an
invariant neighborhood U of the orbit Tx in M and an equivariant
open symplectic embedding :U T K V such that (Tx) is the zero
section of T K . Note that the moment map for the action of T
on T K V is the product of the maps K : T K and V :V . Hence
U ( K V ) a , where we suppress the identification . By Lemma
lemma weights-cones , V -1 (0) is a single point. Consequently,
-1 (a) U T x . Since -1 (a) is connected by Theorem connected
and since the orbit T x is closed, it follows that T x -1 (a)
. Since is proper, there exists a neighborhood W of a such that
-1 (W) U . pf Theorem labeled polytope Let (M,,T, ) be a compact
symplectic toric orbifold. The image (M) is a simple rational
polytope. Moreover, for every open facet of (M) , there exists
an integer m such that the orbifold structure group of every
x in -1 () is m . Thus, there is a labeled polytope ((M), m )
naturally associated to (M,,T, ) . Theorem pf Given x M , let
H be the isotropy group of x , let H (V ) be the symplectic slice
representation, and let V : V be the associated moment map. By
Theorem convex , the image (M) is a rational convex polytope.
By Lemma local , for sufficiently small neighborhoods W of a
(x) , we have W (M) W (a V (V )) . By Lemma lemma weights-cones
, V (V ) is a rational simplicial cone. Therefore, (M) is a rational
simple polytope. It follows from ( image cor ) and the fact that
the cone V (V ) is strictly convex that (x) lies in a facet of
(M) if and only if the isotropy group H of x is a circle. Consequently
by part 3 of Lemma lemma weights-cones the orbifold structure
group of x is cyclic. By Lemma local the orbifold structure group
is the same for every x' -1 (W) . Since is connected, the result
follows. pf proposition uniqueness of local models Let (M i,
i,T i, i) , i 1,2 , be two compact symplectic toric orbifolds.
Suppose that both orbifolds have the same labeled polytope (,
m ) associated to them. Then for any point a there exist a neighborhood
W of a in and an equivariant symplectomorphism : 1(W) 2 (W) such
that 2 1(W) 1 1(W) . proposition pf Let be the open face of containing
a . By Lemma local the linear subspace of spanned by is the annihilator
of the Lie algebra of a subtorus H of T . Moreover, H is the
isotropy subgroup of any point in i(a) (i 1,2) . By Lemma local
there exists an open neighborhood W i of a in such that i (W
i) is equivariantly symplectomorphic to a neighborhood of T H
0 in T (T H)V i i , where V i i is the symplectic slice representation
of H at any point in i(a) . Thus it is suffices to show that
the two slice representations are the same, for we can then take
W W 1 W 2 . By Lemma local , the polytope near a looks like V
i i (V i i) . Hence the cones V i i (V i i) and the integer labels
associated to the representations of H by Lemma lemma weights-cones
are the same. Hence the symplectic slice representations are
identical, and we are done. pf By combining the proof above with
Lemma lemma weights-cones we get a slightly stronger result.
lemma 6.6 Let (M,,T,) be a symplectic toric orbifold. The isotropy
group and orbifold structure group of every point x M can be
read from the associated labeled polytope as follows: Let (x)
be the set of open facets of (M) whose closure contains (x) .
For each (x) , let denote the primitive outward normal, and let
m be the associated positive integer. The isotropy group of x
is the subtorus H T defined by the condition that its Lie algebra
is the linear span of the normals , for (x) . The orbifold structure
group is isomorphic to , where is the lattice of circle subgroups
of H , and is the lattice generated by m (x) . lemma remark toric
orbifold model A useful consequence of Lemma local is the fact
that for a compact symplectic toric orbifold (M,,T, ) , all the
points in the interior of the polytope (M) are regular values
of the moment map . More generally, for an open face of (M) of
dimension k , the preimage () is a symplectic suborbifold of
M of dimension 2k and () is a principal torus bundle with k -dimensional
fibers. remark In the example below we construct a 4-dimensional
compact symplectic toric orbifold. We explicitly find the labeled
polytope associated by Theorem labeled polytope . We then check
the recipe given in Lemma 6.6 for reading the orbifold structure
groups of every point from the labeled polytope. example our
example The map A: 3 2 defined by the matrix equation ( array
rrr 3 0 -2 0 5 -1 array ) equation induces a surjective group
homomorphism from the torus 3: 3 3 to the torus T: 2 2 . Let
K be the kernel of . It is not hard to see that, under the identification
of 3 with U(1) 3 , K ( 10 , 3, 15 ): U(1) . The product action
of U(1) 3 on 3 is Hamiltonian with a moment map : 3 ( 3) given
by (z) ( z 1 2, z 2 2, z 3 2) . The corresponding moment map
K for the action K on 3 is K (z) 10 z 1 2 3 z 2 2 15 z 3 2. Note
that every non-zero value of K is regular. In particular, M :
K -1 (30) K is a symplectic orbifold. The Hamiltonian action
of 3 on 3 induces a Hamiltonian action of T 3 K on M , and the
K -invariant map K -1 (30) descends to a map :M ( 3) . The image
(M) is the intersection of the affine hyperplane with ( 3) ,
where is a point in ( K -1 (30)) and is the annihilator in (
3) of the Lie algebra of K . More concretely, (M) (x 1, x 2,
x 3) ( 3) : x i 0 and 10x 1 3 x 2 15 x 3 30 . Since Lie ( 3 K)
and 3 K is isomorphic to T via the map induced by , the map (
2) ( 3) given by yA T y (0,0,2) identifies Lie (T) ( 2) with
the hyperplane (0,0, 2) . Composing its inverse with gives us
a moment map :M ( 2) for the action of T on M . Tracing through
the identifications, we see that (M) is the triangle with the
vertices (1, 0) , (0, 2) , and (0, 0) , as in the following picture:
center 0.00083333in 1 2 3 4 5 font 1 2pt 3 4 5 30 picture (1974,2064)(0,-10)
55888888 88555555 5522a222 a2555555 55888888 88555555 552a2a2a
2a555555 55888888 88555555 55a222a2 22555555 55888888 88555555
552a2a2a 2a555555 55888888 88555555 5522a222 a2555555 55888888
88555555 552a2a2a 2a555555 55888888 88555555 55a222a2 22555555
55888888 88555555 552a2a2a 2a555555 (312,312)(312,1512)(912,312)(312,312)
(312,312)(312,1512)(912,312) (312,312)(912,312) (312,312)(912,312)
(312,1512) 150 150 (312,912) 150 150 (912,1512) 150 150 (1512,312)
150 150 (1512,912) 150 150 (1512,1512) 150 150 (912,912) 150
150 (312,312) 150 150 (912,312) 150 150 (312,12)(312,1812)(312,2037)
(342.000,1917.000)(312.000,2037.000)(282.000,1917.000) (12,312)(1962,312)
(1842.000,282.000)(1962.000,312.000)(1842.000,342.000) (537,87)
(0,0) lb 12 14.4 5 (87,912) (0,0) lb 12 14.4 3 picture center
Moreover, the coordinate hyperplanes map to the edges of the
triangle (M) : eqnarray (( K -1 (30) 0 ) K) (0,2t) : 0t 1 , ((
K -1 (30) 0 ) K) (t,0) : 0t 1 , (( K -1 (30) 0 ) K) (t,2(1-t))
: 0t 1 . eqnarray For a point z 0 the K -isotropy group is K
z U(1): 3 1 and 15 1 3 . For a point z 0 the K -isotropy group
is K z U(1): 10 1 and 15 1 5 . For a point z 0 the K -isotropy
group is K z U(1): 10 1 and 3 1 1 . Therefore the vertical edge
of (M) should be labeled 3,'' the horizontal edge 5,'' and the
hypotenuse 1'' (or not labeled). The vertex (1,0) corresponds
to the point a (3,0,0) 3 . The isotropy group U(1) 3 a of a in
U(1) 3 is 1 U(1) U(1) . The isotropy group K a of a in K is (1,
3, 15 : U(1) and 10 1 . Therefore the corresponding point a M
is fixed by T and has orbifold structure group 10 . The vertex
(1,0) is contained in the closure of two open facets. The primitive
outward normals of these facets are (0,-1) and (2,1) ; the integer
labels are 5 . These vectors span 2 . Thus, by Lemma 6.6 a should
be a fixed point of T . This agrees with the computation above.
Similarly, the lattice is generated by (0,-5) and (2,1) . It
is easy to check that 2 is generated by (1,0) , and that this
element has order 10 . Thus, Lemma 6.6 correctly predicts that
orbifold structure group of a is 10 Similar computations show
that the orbifold structure group of the preimage of the vertex
(0,0) is 15 and that the orbifold structure group of the preimage
of the vertex (0,2) is 3 . Both points are fixed by T . example
From local to global local to global In this section, which is
joint work with Chris Woodward, we show that two compact symplectic
toric orbifolds which have isomorphic associated labeled polytopes
are themselves isomorphic. First, we have already shown that
they are locally isomorphic. By extending Proposition 2.4 in
HS to the symplectic category, we show that these local isomorphisms
can be glued together to construct a global isomorphism. Two
compact symplectic toric orbifolds (M,,T,) and (M',',T,') with
(M) '(M') are said to be locally isomorphic over if every point
in has a neighborhood U such that ' -1 (U) and -1 (U) are isomorphic
as symplectic toric orbifolds. definition def.sheaf Let (M,,T,)
be a compact symplectic toric orbifold; let (M) . Define a sheaf
over as follows: for each open set U , (U) is the set of isomorphisms
of -1 (U) . definition lemma lem.sheaf Let (M,,T,) be a compact
symplectic toric orbifold. Define a sheaf over (M) as in Definition
def.sheaf . The cohomology group H 1(,) classifies (up to an
isomorphism) compact symplectic toric orbifolds (M',',T,') such
that '(M') and M' is locally isomorphic to M over . lemma pf
Let U i i I be a covering of such that there is an isomorphism
h i : -1 (U i) ' -1 (U i) for each i I . Define f ij : -1 (U
i U j) -1 (U i U j) by f ij h i -1 h j . The set f ij is a closed
cochain in C 1(,) . Moreover, the cohomology class of this cocycle
is independent of the choices of the isomorphisms h i . Conversely,
given a cocycle f ij C 1(,) , we can construct a compact symplectic
toric orbifold with moment polytope by taking the disjoint union
of the -1 (U i) 's and gluing -1 (U i) and -1 (U j) together
using the isomorphisms f ij . pf proposition loctoglob Let (M,,T,)
be a compact symplectic toric orbifold. Define a sheaf over (M)
as in Definition def.sheaf . The sheaf is abelian and the cohomology
group H i(,) is 0 for all i 0 . proposition pf Let denote the
sheaf of locally constant functions with values in , where is
the lattice of circle subgroups. Since is contractible, H i(,
) 0 for all i 0 . Define a sheaf over as follows: for each open
set U , (U) is the set of smooth T invariant functions on -1
(U) . We may think of elements of (U) as continuous functions
on U which pull back to smooth functions on -1 (U) . One can
show, using Lemma local and a theorem of G.W. Schwarz sc:sm ,
and that for every T invariant smooth function f on -1 (U) there
exists a smooth function on with f on -1 (U) . , Since is a fine
sheaf, H i(, C ) 0 for all i 0 . Therefore, to prove that is
abelian and that H i(,) 0 for i 0 , it suffices to construct
the following sequence of sheaves, and to show that it is exact:
0 0. Define j : as follows: given (,c) and a point x M , let
j(,c)(x) c ,(x) . Next, we construct the map : C . Let U be an
open set and let f : -1 (U) be a smooth T invariant function.
The flow of the Hamiltonian vector field f of f on -1 (U) is
T equivariant and preserves the moment map . Define (f) to be
the time one flow of f . We now show that the sequence of sheaves
is exact. The map j is clearly injective. Recall that for every
vector there exists a vector field M on M induced by the action
of T , that M is the Hamiltonian vector field of the function
,(x) . The time t flow of M is given by equation flow xe t x
, equation where e is the exponential map from to T . Therefore
j . To show that j we argue as follows. Without loss of generality
we may assume that the subset U of is the intersection of with
a ball in . Let U 0 be the intersection of this ball with the
interior of the polytope . Then both U and U 0 are convex, hence
contractible. It follows from Remark toric orbifold model that
-1 (U 0) is open and dense in -1 (U) and : -1 (U 0) U 0 is a
principal T bundle. Let f: -1 (U) be a T invariant function with
(f) id . We want to show that df d , on -1 (U) for some . It
is enough to show that this equality holds on -1 (U 0) . Since
f is T invariant and since : -1 (U 0) U 0 is a principal T bundle,
there exists hC (U 0) with f h . Hence the Hamiltonian vector
field f of f at the points x -1 (U 0) is given by f (x) (dh ((x)))
M (x) (since dh ((x)) T (x) , the expression (dh ((x))) M makes
sense). Equation ( flow ) implies that if X: -1 (U) is a T invariant
function and Y is a vector field on -1 (U) defined by Y(x) (X(x))
M (x) , then the time t flow t of Y is given by equation flow2
t : xe tX(x) x . equation Consequently the time one flow (f)
of f is given by (f): xe dh((x)) x, x -1 (U 0). Since by assumption
(f) (x) x for all x -1 (U 0) , we have dh(u) for all uU 0 . Since
U 0 is connected and since is discrete, the continuous function
dh: U 0 is constant. Thus df d , for some and all x -1 (U 0)
. The final step is to show that is surjective. If the ball used
in the definition of the set U is small enough, then by Lemma
local the set -1 (U) is a tubular neighborhood of some T orbit
in -1 (U) . Let be an isomorphism of -1 (U) . We must show that
there exists a T invariant function on -1 (U) whose time one
flow is the map . Since is an isomorphism, it is, a fortiori,
a T -equivariant diffeomorphism of -1 (U) which preserves orbits.
Therefore, by Theorem 3.1 in HS , there exists a smooth T invariant
map : -1 (U) T such that (x) (x)x . Since U is contractible and
is T invariant, there exists a smooth map X: -1 (U) such that
e X (x) (x) . As before, define a vector field Y on -1 (U) by
Y(x) (X(x)) M (x) . By equation ( flow2 ) the time one flow of
Y is xe X(x) x (x)x (x) . Thus it is enough to show that Y is
a Hamiltonian vector field, i.e., that the contraction (Y) is
exact. Just as for a free action of a compact Lie group on a
manifold, we can, following Koszul Kosz , define on the orbifold
M a complex of basic forms . Namely, a form (M) is basic if is
T invariant and if for any vector , we have ( M) 0 . Similarly
we can define basic forms on any open T invariant subset of M
, such as -1 (U) . We observe that basic forms have two properties.
enumerate A basic form is preserved by any T equivariant map
:M M which induces the identity map on the orbit space M T ,
that is, . This is true because it is a closed condition, which
holds on the open dense smooth subset of the orbifold M where
the action is free. The integral of a basic k form over a k cycle
which lies entirely in a T orbit is zero. It follows that the
cohomology of the complex of basic forms on a tubular neighborhood
of an orbit is trivial. In other words, a closed basic form is
exact on a tubular neighborhood of an orbit. enumerate We now
argue that the contraction (Y) is a closed basic form on the
tubular neighborhood -1 (U) . Then, by property (2) above, there
exists a basic zero form f such that (Y) df . Since Y and are
T invariant, (Y) is T invariant. Since the T orbits are isotropic
in M , and since Y is tangent to T orbits, ( M) (Y) 0 for any
. The Lie derivative L Y d (Y) is also basic, since basic forms
are a subcomplex. Consequently, since the time t flow t of Y
induces the identity map on the orbit space, we have by property
(1) above that t L Y L Y . Since 1 and since is symplectic, we
have eqnarray 0 1 - 0 1 dt t , dt 0 1 t L Y , dt 0 1 L Y , dt
L Y d (Y) . eqnarray This proves there exists a T invariant function
f whose time 1 flow is the isomorphism . Hence is surjective.
pf Theorem uniqueness Two compact symplectic toric orbifolds
which have isomorphic associated labeled polytopes are themselves
isomorphic. Theorem pf Without loss of generality, we may assume
that the labeled polytopes associated to two orbifolds M and
M' are equal. By Lemma uniqueness of local models , M and M'
are locally isomorphic. By Proposition loctoglob , H 1(,) 0.
By Lemma lem.sheaf , this implies that M and M' are isomorphic
as symplectic toric orbifolds. pf remark Given any labeled polytope
, one can construct local models for the symplectic toric orbifold
associated to . Since we've shown that H 2(,) 0 , an argument
in HS similar to Lemma lem.sheaf shows that there exists a symplectic
toric orbifold which corresponds to the given labeled polytope.
In section surj , we give a more explicit construction. remark
Existence surj Given any labeled polytope, we construct a compact
symplectic toric orbifold such that its associated labeled polytope
is the one which we began with. This construction is a slight
variation of Delzant's construction Del . A concrete example
of the construction was worked out in Example our example . theorem
existence Let T be a torus. Let denote its Lie algebra, and let
denote the lattice of circle subgroups. Given a simple rational
polytope and a positive integer m attached to each open facet
of , there exists a compact symplectic toric orbifold (M, , T,
) such that (M) and the orbifold structure group of a point in
M which maps to a open facet is m . Moreover, (M,,T,) is a symplectic
reduction of N by an abelian subgroup of (N) . theorem pf The
polytope can be written uniquely as i 1 N , m i y i i , where
N is the number of facets, the vector y i is the primitive normal
to the i th facet, m i is the integer attached to the i th open
facet, and ( 1, , N) ( N) . Define a linear projection : N by
(e i) m i y i , where e i is the standard basis for N . This
defines a short exact sequence and its dual: 0 N 0 and 0 ( N
) j 0. Let K denote the kernel of the map from N N N to T which
is induced by . The kernel is given by K N N i 1 N i m i y i
. The Lie algebra of K is , the kernel of . Consider N with the
standard symplectic form -1 dz j d j . The standard N -action
on N has moment map equation N (z 1,,z N) i 1 N z i 2 e i ( z
1 2, , z N 2), equation where e i is the basis dual to e i .
Clearly, N (z),e i 0 for all i , and N (z),e i 0 exactly if z
i 0 . Since K is a subgroup of N , K acts on N with moment map
K j N . The stabilizer of a point z N in N is N z N N e 2 -1
i 1 for all i with z i 0 . Since the stabilizer of z N in K is
N z K , equation Kstab K z N N e 2 -1 i 1 for all i with z i
0 and i 1 N i m i y i . equation Define an affine embedding :
( N ) by () () - . Note that eqnarray () ( N) ( ) - and i 0 for
all i ( N) (j ) -1 ( j (-)) and i 0 for all i . eqnarray Moreover,
( , m j y j j ) () ( N) j 0 . For every z N such that K (z) j
(-) , N (z) is in ( ). Since is simple, for every point the set
y i , m i y i i is linearly independent. Consequently the set
y i z i 0 y i N (z) i 0 is linearly independent. Hence the isotropy
group K z is discrete. Therefore, j (-) is a regular value of
K , and the reduced space M K -1 (j (-)) K is a symplectic toric
orbifold. Since the action of N on N commutes with the action
of K , it induces a Hamiltonian action of N on M . Moreover,
the moment map N descends to a moment map : M( N) , and (M) ()
. In fact the action of N on M descends to a Hamiltonian action
of T N K , and T ( ) -1 is a corresponding moment map. We claim
that the action of T on M is effective. It suffices to show that
there exists a point z K -1 (j (-)) so that its isotropy group
in N is trivial. Such a point exists because the isotropy group
in N of any point z N -1 ( ( N) i 0 for all i ) is trivial, the
embedding maps the interior of the polytope into the set ( N)
0 for all i ) and has non-empty interior. It remains to show
that the orbifold structure group of a point z in M mapping to
the interior of the facet cut out by the hyperplane , m j y j
j is m j . But z lies in the interior of this facet if and only
if N (z) ( N) j 0 and i 0 for i j . For such a point z the isotropy
group K z is m j . pf Compatible complex structures Compatible
complex structures In this section, we show that every compact
symplectic toric orbifold possesses a invariant complex structure
compatible with the symplectic form. Moreover, suppose two compact
symplectic toric orbifolds (M,,T,) and (M',',T,') are given invariant
complex structure which are compatible with their symplectic
forms. They are equivariantly biholomorphic exactly if the polytopes
(M) and '(M') have the same fan. Theorem Every compact symplectic
toric orbifold possesses an invariant complex structure which
is compatible with its symplectic form, i.e., every such orbifold
has an invariant Kahler structure. Theorem pf Let (M,,T,) be
a compact symplectic toric orbifold. By Theorem labeled polytope
, (M) is a simple rational polytope, and for each open facet
of , there exists a positive integer m such that m is the orbifold
structure group of every point in M which maps to . By Theorem
existence , there exists a compact symplectic toric orbifold
(M',',T,') which is a symplectic reduction of N by an abelian
subgroup of (N) , such that '(M) and such that for every open
facet of , m is the orbifold structure group of every point in
M' which maps to . Since M' is the reduction of a Kahler manifold
by a group which preserves its Kahler structure, by Theorem 3.5
in GS:gq M' possesses an equivariant Kahler structure which is
compatible with its symplectic form. By Theorem uniqueness ,
M and M' are equivariantly symplectomorphic; therefore, M inherits
an an invariant Kahler structure which is compatible with its
symplectic form. pf Not only do all compact symplectic toric
orbifolds admit compatible complex structures, they are, in fact,
algebraic varieties. lemma lemma variety Let (M, , T, ) be a
compact symplectic toric orbifold and let J be a T -invariant
complex structure on M which is compatible with the symplectic
form . Then M has the structure of an algebraic toric variety
with the fan equal to the fan defined by the polytope (M) . lemma
remark If the class of the Kahler form in H 2(M) is rational,
then by the Kodaira-Baily embedding theorem Baily , M is a projective
algebraic variety. The projective embedding provided by the Kodaira-Baily
theorem is equivariant with respect to the action of the torus
T , and so M is a projective toric variety. The class is rational
if and only if the edges of the polytope (M) are rational vectors
relative to the weight lattice of T . Therefore, in order to
prove that all toric orbifolds are algebraic, we argue differently.
remark An immediate consequence of Lemma lemma variety is the
following theorem. theorem Let two compact symplectic toric orbifolds
equation (M,,T,) and (M',',T,') equation be given invariant complex
structures which are compatible with their symplectic forms.
The orbifolds are equivariantly biholomorphic exactly if the
fans defined by their polytopes are equal. theorem remark This
theorem shows, in particular, that if a compact symplectic toric
orbifold admits two different compatible complex structures,
they are equivariantly biholomorphic. In contrast, the Kahler
structure is not unique. For instance, there are many S 1 invariant
Kahler structures on S 2 . remark remark There are several reasons
for the difference of the classification of symplectic toric
orbifolds and of algebraic toric varieties. The first reason
is that some toric varieties do not admit any symplectic form.
These correspond to fans which do not come from a polytope. The
second reason is that changing the cohomology class of the symplectic
form corresponds to changing the length of the edges of the polytope.
This information is lost in the algebraic category. Finally,
the integers attached to the faces are lost. It is easy to see
why. Give the standard Kahler structure, and let m act on . The
orbifolds and ( m) are not diffeomorphic, but they are equivariantly
biholomorphic. remark pf Proof of Lemma lemma variety Since the
complex structure J is T -invariant, the action of T on M extends
to the action of the complexification T of T . The action of
T on M has a dense open orbit. Denote it by T m . The action
of T on M can be linearized near fixed points. That is, if xM
is fixed by T , there exist a T -invariant neighborhood V of
0 in T x M , a T invariant neighborhood of x in M , and a biholomorphic
map f: Y U which is T -equivariant. There are several ways to
see that the linearization exists. For example, the linearization
proof for group actions on Kahler manifolds in LS is natural
and so, by Remark orbiproof , translates into a proof in the
orbifold case. Alternatively we can appeal to the holomorphic
slice theorem in HL , which holds for Kahler spaces , hence in
particular, for orbifolds. Since the action of T on M and hence
on T x M is faithful and since T 12M , the neighborhood V is
all of T xM and T xM is a toric variety. The linearization map
embeds this variety into M . The fan of this variety consists
of a single simplicial cone together with its faces. Moreover,
this is the cone dual to the image of the moment map corresponding
to the linear action of T on the tangent space T xM . If y is
another fixed point and h: T y M M another linearization, then
both images f(T xM) and h(T yM) must contain the dense open orbit
T m of T . It is not hard to see that the transition map from
f -1 (T m) to h -1 (T m) is rational and, in fact, is the same
as the map defined by the intersection of the corresponding fans.
The lemma now follows. pf Symplectic weights appendix In this
section we show that weights for symplectic representations of
tori are well defined by proving the following lemma. lemma cor
weight rep2 There is a bijective correspondence between isomorphism
classes of 2n dimensional symplectic representations of a torus
H and unordered n -tuples of elements (possibly with repetition)
of the weight lattice of H . Let (V,) be a 2n dimensional symplectic
vector space. Let : H (V, ) be a symplectic representation with
weights ( 1, , n) . There exist a decomposition (V, ) i (V i,
i) into invariant mutually perpendicular 2-dimensional symplectic
subspaces and an invariant norm compatible with the symplectic
form i so that the representation of H on (V i, i) has weight
i and the moment map :V is given by equation eq moment map2 (v
1, , v n) v i 2 i for all v (v 1, , v n) i V i. equation lemma
pf Since symplectic representations do not have naturally defined
complex structures, we define a character of a torus H to be
a homomorphism into an oriented circle. A weight is the differential
of a character. A symplectic representation : H (V, ) on a symplectic
2-plane (V, ) has a well defined character. Assuming that is
non-trivial, the image (H) is a compact abelian subgroup of (V,
) , and hence is a circle. Circle subgroups of (V, ) are naturally
oriented by the symplectic form via their orbits in V . Additionally,
any two circle subgroups of (V, ) are conjugate by an element
of (V, ) , and conjugation preserves the induced orientations.
We conclude that a conjugacy class of symplectic representations
of a torus on a symplectic 2-plane has a well-defined character
(and hence a well-defined weight) which determines this conjugacy
class uniquely. Therefore, we may assume that the plane is with
symplectic form -1 dzd and that the action of a torus H is given
by (a,z) e i (a) z , where is a weight of H . In agreement with
formula ( eq moment map2 ), the moment map for this action is
given by z z 2 and the image of the plane is a ray 0 through
the weight . By contrast, for the underlying real representation
the weight is defined only up to a sign. For example, conjugation
by ( array cc 0 1 1 0 array ) sends the matrix equation ( array
rr - array ) equation to equation ( array rr - array ). equation
Since a maximal compact subgroup of ( 2n )(V, ) is isomorphic
to U(n) , there exists on V an H invariant complex structure
J which is compatible with the symplectic form, i.e., (J,J) (,
) and g(, ) (, ,J) is positive definite. Then V decomposes as
a direct sum of mutually orthogonal invariant complex lines,
(V, ) i 1 n (V i, i) . These V i 's are mutually symplectically
orthogonal invariant 2 planes. The moment map is given by formula
( eq moment map2 ), where ( 1, , n) are the corresponding weights.
Although this decomposition is not natural, we will show that
if a symplectic representation (V, ) of a torus H has two different
decompositions, (V, ) i 1 n (V i, i) i 1 n (V' i, ' i) with weights
( 1, , n) and (' 1, , ' n) , then the two n -tuples of weights
are the same up to a permutation. For a weight of the torus H
the isotypical subspace W i V i is canonically defined for the
underlying real representation. Therefore, if a weight i occurs
in the first decomposition of (V, ) , then the subspace W i '
j i V' j is nonempty. The image of W i under the moment map is
the Minkowski sum of the rays through the weights ' j such that
' j i . On the other hand, neither the vector space W i nor its
image under the moment map depends on the decomposition of V
into symplectic planes. Since the image contains the ray through
i , there must exist ' j with i ' j . We can then split off the
2 plane corresponding to i and repeat the above argument. pf
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