The distribution of totients
Author:
Kevin Ford
Journal:
Electron. Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1998), 27-34
MSC (1991):
Primary 11A25, 11N64; Secondary 11N35
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1090/S1079-6762-98-00043-2
Published electronically:
April 27, 1998
MathSciNet review:
1617448
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Abstract: This paper is an announcement of many new results concerning the set of totients, i.e. the set of values taken by Euler’s $\phi$-function. The main functions studied are $V(x)$, the number of totients not exceeding $x$, $A(m)$, the number of solutions of $\phi (x)=m$ (the “multiplicity” of $m$), and $V_{k}(x)$, the number of $m\le x$ with $A(m)=k$. The first of the main results of the paper is a determination of the true order of $V(x)$. It is also shown that for each $k\ge 1$, if there is a totient with multiplicity $k$, then $V_{k}(x) \gg V(x)$. We further show that every multiplicity $k\ge 2$ is possible, settling an old conjecture of Sierpiński. An older conjecture of Carmichael states that no totient has multiplicity 1. This remains an open problem, but some progress can be reported. In particular, the results stated above imply that if there is one counterexample, then a positive proportion of all totients are counterexamples. Determining the order of $V(x)$ and $V_{k}(x)$ also provides a description of the “normal” multiplicative structure of totients. This takes the form of bounds on the sizes of the prime factors of a pre-image of a typical totient. One corollary is that the normal number of prime factors of a totient $\le x$ is $c\log \log x$, where $c\approx 2.186$. Lastly, similar results are proved for the set of values taken by a general multiplicative arithmetic function, such as the sum of divisors function, whose behavior is similar to that of Euler’s function.
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Additional Information
Kevin Ford
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
MR Author ID:
325647
ORCID:
0000-0001-9650-725X
Email:
ford@math.utexas.edu
Keywords:
Euler’s function,
totients,
distributions,
Carmichael’s conjecture,
Sierpiński’s conjecture
Received by editor(s):
August 13, 1997
Published electronically:
April 27, 1998
Communicated by:
Hugh Montgomery
Article copyright:
© Copyright 1998
American Mathematical Society