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E. Artin, Theorie der Zöpfe, Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 4 (1925), 47-72.

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-, Theory of braids, Ann. of Math. 48 (1947), 101-126. MR 0019087 (8:367a)

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F. Bohnenblust, The algebraic braid group, Ann. of Math. 48 (1947), 127-136. MR 0019088 (8:367b)

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W.-L. Chow, On the algebraical braid group, Ann. of Math. 49 (1948), 654-658. MR 0026050 (10:98e)

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D. Dahm, A generalization of braid theory, Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N. J., 1962.

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E. Fadell, Homotopy groups of configuration spaces and the string problem of Dirac, Duke Math. J. 29 (1962), 231-242. MR 0141127 (25:4538)

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E. Fadell and L. Neuwirth, Configuration spaces, Math. Scand. 10 (1962), 111-118. MR 0141126 (25:4537)

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E. Fadell and J. Van Buskirk, The braid groups of and , Duke Math. J. 29 (1962), 243-258. MR 0141128 (25:4539)

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R. H. Fox and L. Neuwirth, The braid groups, Math. Scand. 10 (1962), 119-126. MR 0150755 (27:742)

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W. Magnus, Über Automorphismen von Fundamentalgruppen berandeter Flächen, Math. Ann. 109 (1934), 617-646. MR 1512913

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W. Magnus, A. Karrass and D. Solitar, Combinatorial group theory, Interscience, New York, 1966.

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J. A. H. Shepperd, Braids which can be plaited with their threads tied together at each end, Proc. Roy. Soc. 265 (1962), 229-244. MR 0133125 (24:A2959)

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J. Van Buskirk, Braid groups of compact 2-manifolds with elements of finite order, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, 1962.