Kronecker positivity and 2-modular representation theory
By C. Bessenrodt, C. Bowman, and L. Sutton
Abstract
This paper consists of two prongs. Firstly, we prove that any Specht module labelled by a 2-separated partition is semisimple and we completely determine its decomposition as a direct sum of graded simple modules. Secondly, we apply these results and other modular representation theoretic techniques on the study of Kronecker coefficients and hence verify Saxl’s conjecture for several large new families of partitions. In particular, we verify Saxl’s conjecture for all irreducible characters of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ which are of 2-height zero.
Introduction
This paper brings together, for the first time, the two oldest open problems in the representation theory of the symmetric groups and their quiver Hecke algebras. The first problem is to understand the structure of Specht modules and the second is to describe the decomposition of a tensor product of two Specht modules — the Kronecker problem.
Kronecker positivity
The Kronecker problem is not only one of the central open problems in the classical representation theory of the symmetric groups, but it is also one of the definitive open problems in algebraic combinatorics as identified by Richard Stanley in Reference Sta00. The problem of deciding the positivity of Kronecker coefficients arose in recent times also in quantum information theory Reference Kly04Reference CM06Reference CHM07Reference CDW12 and Kronecker coefficients have subsequently been used to study entanglement entropy Reference CSW18.
A new benchmark for the Kronecker positivity problem is a conjecture of Heide, Saxl, Tiep and Zalesskii Reference HSTZ13 that was inspired by their investigation of the square of the Steinberg character for simple groups of Lie type. It says that for any $n\neq 2, 4, 9$ there is always a complex irreducible character of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ whose square contains all irreducible characters of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ as constituents. For $n$ a triangular number, an explicit candidate was suggested by Saxl in 2012: Let $\rho \coloneq \rho (k)=(k,k-1,k-2,k-3,\dots ,2,1)$ denote the $k$th staircase partition. Phrased in terms of modules, Saxl’s conjecture states that all simple modules appear in the tensor square of the simple $\mathbb{C}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{C}(\rho )$. In other words, we have that
with $g(\rho ,\rho ,\lambda ) \neq 0$ for all partitions $\lambda$ of $n$. This conjecture has been studied by algebraists, probabilists, and complexity theorists Reference Bes18Reference Ike15Reference LS17Reference PPV16 yet remains to be proved in general. Positivity of the Kronecker coefficient $g(\rho ,\rho ,\lambda )$ has been verified for hooks and two-row partitions when $n$ is sufficiently large in Reference PPV16, and then for arbitrary $n$ and $\lambda$ a hook in Reference Ike15Reference Bes18 or a double-hook partition (i.e., when the Durfee size is 2) in Reference Bes18, and for any $\lambda$ comparable to $\rho$ in dominance order in Reference Ike15.
This paper begins with the observation that the $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\rho )$ is projective over a field $\mathbb{k}$ of characteristic $p=2$, or equivalently, that the character to the Specht module ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{C}(\rho ) = {\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}(\rho )$ is the character $\xi ^\rho$ associated to a projective indecomposable $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module (via its integral lift to characteristic 0). Therefore, the tensor square of ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\rho )$ is again a projective module, and the square of $\xi ^\rho$ is the character to a projective module. This allows us to bring to bear the tools of modular and graded representation theory on the study of the Kronecker coefficients. In particular, we deduce that if ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )= {\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ is a simple Specht module, then all constituents of the projective cover of ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ must also appear in Saxl’s tensor-square. For example, using this property for the trivial simple module ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}((n))$ of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ at characteristic 2 gives all characters of odd degree as constituents in the Saxl square; more generally, we will detect all irreducible characters of 2-height 0 as constituents. Our aim is to understand the columns of the 2-modular graded decomposition matrix which are labelled by simple Specht modules and to utilise these results towards Saxl’s conjecture.
Modular representation theory
The classification of simple Specht modules for symmetric groups and their Hecke algebras has been a massive undertaking involving over 30 years of work Reference Jam78Reference JM96Reference JM97Reference JM99Reference Fay04Reference Fay05Reference JLM06Reference Lyl07Reference FL09Reference Fay10Reference FL13, with some conjectural cases for $e=2$ and $p\neq 2$ still to be verified. The pursuit of a description of semisimple and decomposable Specht modules is similarly old Reference Jam78 and yet has proven a much more difficult nut to crack. The decomposable Specht modules labelled by hook partitions were characterised by Murphy and Speyer Reference Mur80Reference Spe14; the graded decomposition numbers of these Specht modules were calculated by Chuang, Miyachi, and Tan Reference CMT04; the first examples of decomposable Specht modules labelled by non-hook partitions were given by Dodge and Fayers Reference DF12; Donkin and Geranios very recently unified and extended these results to certain “framed staircase” partitions Reference DG18 which we will discuss (within the wider context of “2-separated” partitions) below. It is worth emphasising that for $e> 2$, all Specht modules are indecomposable and therefore questions of decomposability and (non-simple) semisimplicity are inherently 2-modular problems.
For $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$, we show that any Specht module labelled by a 2-separated partition is semisimple and we completely determine its decomposition as a sum of graded simple modules. Our proof makes heavy use of recent results in the graded representation theory of Hecke and rational Cherednik algebras. We shall denote the quantisations of the Specht and simple modules by ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}_{q}(\lambda )$ and ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}_{q}(\lambda )$ respectively over $\mathbb{k}$. We completely determine the rows of the graded decomposition matrix of $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$ labelled by 2-separated partitions; this serves as a first approximation to our goal and subsumes and generalises the results on decomposability and decomposition numbers of Specht modules for hook partitions (belonging to blocks of small $2$-core)Reference Spe14Reference CMT04, and results on decomposition numbers of Specht modules in blocks of enormous 2-cores Reference JM96.
Graded decomposition numbers of semisimple Specht modules
The partitions of interest to us (for both Saxl’s conjecture and our decomposability classification) are the 2-separated partitions. Such partitions are obtained by taking a staircase partition, $\tau$, and adding 2 copies of a partition $\lambda$ to the right of $\tau$ and 2 copies of a partition $\mu$ to the bottom of $\tau$ in such a way that $\lambda$ and $\mu$ do not touch (except perhaps diagonally). Such partitions, denoted $\tau ^\lambda _\mu$, can be pictured as in Figure 1.
Notice that if the weight of a block is small compared to the size of the core, then all partitions in that block are 2-separated. We emphasise that the size of the staircase $\rho (k)$ in the following statement is immaterial (provided that $k+1\geqslant \ell (\lambda )+\ell (\mu ^T)$, where $\ell (\lambda )$ denotes the length of the partition $\lambda$), and so we simply write $\tau \coloneq \rho (k)$. For those interested in the extra graded structure, we refer the reader to the full statement in Corollary 4.2.
In particular, there exist many blocks of $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$ (those with large cores) for which all Specht modules in the block are semisimple. In Reference DF12 Dodge and Fayers remark that “every known example of a decomposable Specht module is labelled by a 2-separated partition” and “it is interesting to speculate whether the 2-separated condition is necessary for a Specht module to be decomposable”. In fact in Section 6 we show that their speculation is not true by exhibiting two infinite families of decomposable Specht modules obtained by “inflating” the smallest decomposable Specht module (indexed by $(3,1^2)$).
Theorem A implies that all known examples of decomposable Specht modules for $\mathfrak{S}_n$ are obtained by reduction modulo $p=2$ from decomposable semisimple Specht modules for $H_{-1}^\mathbb{C}(n)$.
Applications to Kronecker coefficients
We now discuss the results and insights which 2-modular representation theory affords us in the study of Kronecker coefficients. We verify the positivity of the Kronecker coefficients in Saxl’s conjecture for a large new class of partitions, and propose conjectural strengthened and generalised versions of Saxl’s original conjecture. Our first main theorem on Kronecker coefficients is as follows:
We now shift focus to the Kronecker coefficients labelled by 2-separated partitions. In what follows, we shall write $g(\rho ,\rho ,\tau ^\lambda _\mu )$ for the Kronecker coefficient labelled by a staircase $\rho$ of size $n= k(k+1)/2$ for some $k\in \mathbb{N}$ and some 2-separated partition $\tau ^\lambda _\mu$ of $n$; in other words, we do not encumber the notation by explicitly recording the size of the staircases involved.
We do not recall the definition of a $k$-Carter–Saxl pair here, but rather discuss some examples and consequences of Theorem B. In particular, Theorem B implies that every 2-block contains a wealth of constituents of the Saxl square ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}(\rho )\otimes {\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}(\rho )$ which can be deduced using our techniques. Carter–Saxl pairs cut across hook partitions, partitions of arbitrarily large Durfee size, symmetric and non-symmetric partitions, partitions from arbitrary blocks, and across the full range of the dominance order. (In fact, the only common trait of these partitions is that they label semisimple Specht modules for $H_{-1}^\mathbb{C}(n)$.) We shall illustrate below that the property of being a Carter–Saxl pair is actually very easy to work with diagrammatically. For example, the above theorem includes the infinite family of “framed staircases” as some of the simplest examples: these are partitions which interpolate hooks and staircases. More explicitly, these are the partitions of the form $\alpha =\tau ^{(a)}_{(1^b)}$. These can be pictured as in Figure 3 below.
We wish to provide bounds on the Kronecker coefficients: the maximal possible values obtained by Kronecker products are studied in Reference PPV16, and the Kronecker products whose coefficients are all as small as possible (namely all 0 or 1) are classified in Reference BB17. For constituents to partitions of depth at most 4, explicit formulae for their multiplicity in squares were provided by Saxl in 1987, and later work by Zisser and Vallejo, respectively. For the Kronecker coefficients studied here, the easiest (and well known) non-trivial case is $g(\rho (k),\rho (k),(n-1,1))=k-1$, so the Kronecker coefficients are even unbounded; this also holds for the other families corresponding to partitions of small depth. Lower bounds coming from character values on a specific class were obtained by Pak and Panova in Reference PP17, where also the asymptotic behaviour of the multiplicity of special constituents is studied. Theorem B allows us to provide explicit lower bounds on the Kronecker coefficients $g(\rho (k),\rho (k),\lambda )$ for new infinite families of Saxl constituents, where again the multiplicities are unbounded.
We now provide some examples of more complicated Carter–Saxl pairs. For $n=78$, if we first focus on the (unique) block of weight $w=6$ we find 7 constituents in this block labelled by framed staircases as well as the Carter–Saxl pairs given (up to conjugation) in Figure 4 below.
Finally, we propose two extensions of Saxl’s conjecture based on its modular representation theoretic interpretation. The first conjecture reduces the problem to the case of $2$-regular partitions, but at the expense of working in the more difficult modular setting. We remark that towards Saxl’s conjecture over $\mathbb{C}$, it has already been verified that for any 2-regular partition $\lambda$ of $n=k(k+1)/2$ the Kronecker coefficient $g(\rho (k),\rho (k),\lambda )$ is positive Reference Ike15, and so it is natural to hope that this can be extended to positive characteristic.
What could be a suitable candidate for arbitrary $n$, not just triangular numbers?
While this sounds reasonable, in fact, for larger $n$ it hardly restricts the search for a good candidate as almost any partition of $n$ is then a $p$-core for some $p\leqslant n$. So as a guide towards finding a simple module ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{C}(\lambda )$ whose tensor square contains all simples, one would try to find a suitable symmetric $p$-core for a small prime $p$.
1. The Hecke algebra
Let $\mathbb{k}$ be a commutative integral domain. We let $\mathfrak{S}_n$ denote the symmetric group on $n$ letters, with presentation
We are interested in the representation theory (over $\mathbb{k}$) of symmetric groups and their deformations. Given $q\in \mathbb{k}$, we define the Hecke algebra $H_q^\mathbb{k}(n)$ to be the unital associative $\mathbb{k}$-algebra with generators $T_1$,$T_2$, …, $T_{n-1}$ and relations
for $|i - j|>1$. We let $e\in \mathbb{N}$ be the smallest integer such that $1+q+q^2+\dots + q^{e-1}=0$ or set $e=\infty$ if no such integer exists. If $\mathbb{k}$ is a field of characteristic $p$ and $p=e$ , then $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$.
We define a composition, $\lambda$, of $n$ to be a finite sequence of non-negative integers $(\lambda _1,\lambda _2, \ldots )$ whose sum, $|\lambda | = \lambda _1+\lambda _2 + \dots$, equals $n$. If the sequence $(\lambda _1,\lambda _2, \ldots )$ is weakly decreasing, we say that $\lambda$ is a partition; we denote the set of all partitions of $n$ by $\mathscr{P}_{n}$. The number of non-zero parts of a partition, $\lambda$, is called its length, $\ell (\lambda )$; the size of the largest part is called the width, $w(\lambda )=\lambda _1$. Given $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$, its Young diagram$[\lambda ]$ is defined to be the configuration of nodes,
The conjugate partition, $\lambda ^T$, is the partition obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of $\lambda$; when $\lambda =\lambda ^T$, the partition $\lambda$ is said to be symmetric. Given a node $(r,c)\in [\lambda ]$ we define the content to be ${\mathsf{ct}}(r,c)= c-r$ and the ($e$-)residue to be the value of ${\mathsf{ct}}(r,c)$ modulo $e$. We now recall the dominance ordering on partitions. Let $\lambda ,\mu$ be partitions. We write $\lambda \trianglerighteq \mu$ if
$$\begin{equation*} \sum _{1\leqslant i \leqslant k}\lambda _i \geqslant \sum _{1\leqslant i \leqslant k}\mu _i \text{ for all } k\geqslant 1. \end{equation*}$$
If $\lambda \trianglerighteq \mu$ and $\lambda \neq \mu$ we write $\lambda \vartriangleright \mu$. For $\lambda ,\nu$ partitions such that $\lambda \subseteq \nu$, we define the skew diagram, denoted $[\nu \setminus \lambda ]\coloneq [\nu ] \setminus [\lambda ]$, to be the set difference between the Young diagrams of $\lambda$ and $\nu$.
Given $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$, we define a tableau of shape $\lambda$ to be a filling of the nodes of the Young diagram of $\lambda$ with the numbers $\{1,\dots , n\}$. We define a standard tableau to be a tableau in which the entries increase along both the rows and columns of each component. We let $\operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$ denote the set of all standard tableaux of shape $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$. We extend this to (standard) skew tableaux of shape $\nu \setminus \lambda$ in the obvious fashion. Given $\mathsf{t}\in \operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$, we set $\operatorname {Shape}(\mathsf{t})=\lambda$. Given $1\leqslant k \leqslant n$, we let $\mathsf{t}{\downarrow }_{\{1,\dots ,k\}}$ be the subtableau of $\mathsf{t}$ whose entries belong to the set $\{1,\dots ,k\}$. We write $\mathsf{t} \trianglerighteq \mathsf{s}$ if $\mathsf{t}{\downarrow }_{\{1,\dots ,k\}} \trianglerighteq \mathsf{s}{\downarrow }_{\{1,\dots ,k\}}$ for all $1\leqslant k \leqslant n$ and refer to this as the dominance order on $\operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$.
We let $\mathsf{t}^\lambda$ and $\mathsf{t}_\lambda$ denote the most and least dominant tableaux respectively. We let $w_\lambda \in \mathfrak{S}_n$ be the permutation such that $w_\lambda \mathsf{t}^\lambda =\mathsf{t}_\lambda$. For example, $w_{(3,2,1)}=(2,4)(3,6)$ and
Let $\mathbb{k}$ be a field and $q\in \mathbb{k}$. The group algebra of the symmetric group $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$ is a semisimple algebra if and only if $\mathbb{k}$ is a field of characteristic $p>n$. By a result of Dipper and James, the Hecke algebra of the symmetric group is a non-semisimple algebra if $q$ is a primitive $e$th root of unity for some $e\leqslant n$ or $q=1$ and $\mathbb{k}$ is a field of characteristic $p\leqslant n$. We shall now recall the basics of the non-semisimple representation theory of these algebras.
Modular representation theory seeks to deconstruct the non-semisimple representations of an algebra in terms of their simple constituents. To this end, we define the radical of a finite-dimensional $A$-module$M$, denoted $\mathrm{rad} (M)$, to be the smallest submodule of $M$ such that the corresponding quotient is semisimple. We then let $\mathrm{rad}^2 M = \mathrm{rad} (\mathrm{rad} M)$ and inductively define the radical series, $\mathrm{rad}^i M$, of $M$ by $\mathrm{rad}^{i+1} M = \mathrm{rad}(\mathrm{rad}^i M)$. We have a finite chain
In the non-semisimple case, the Specht modules are no longer simple but they continue to play an important role in the representation theory of $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$ as we shall now see. We say that a partition $\lambda =(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\dots ,\lambda _\ell )$ is $e$-regular if there is no $1\leqslant i \leqslant \ell$ such that $\lambda _i=\lambda _{i+1}=\dots =\lambda _{i+e-1}>0$. We let $\mathscr{R}^{e}_{n}$ denote the set of all $e$-regular partitions of $n$. Occasionally, we will also use the notation $\lambda \vdash _e n$ in place of $\lambda \in \mathscr{R}^{e}_{n}$. For $\mathbb{k}$ an arbitrary field, we have that
provides a full set of non-isomorphic simple $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$-modules. Of course, the radical of a Specht module is not easy to compute! The passage between the Specht and simple modules is recorded in the decomposition matrix,
where $[{\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\lambda ):{\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\mu )]$ denotes the multiplicity of ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\mu )$ as a composition factor of ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\lambda )$. This matrix is uni-triangular with respect to the dominance ordering on $\mathscr{P}_{n}$. We have already seen in equation Equation 1.1 that every column of the decomposition matrix contains an entry equal to 1; namely if $\mu \in \mathscr{R}^{e}_{n}$ then $d_{\mu ,\mu }=1$. We now recall James’ regularisation theorem, which states that every row of the decomposition matrix contains an entry equal to 1 (and identifies this entry).
We define the ($e$-)ladder number of a node $(r,c)\in [\lambda ]$ to be $\mathfrak{l}(r,c)=r+c(e-1)$. The $i$thladder of $\lambda$ is defined to be the set
The $e$-regularisation of $\lambda$ is the partition ${\mathsf{R}}(\lambda )$ obtained by moving all of the nodes of $\lambda$ as high along their ladders as possible. When $q=-1$, each ladder of $\lambda$ is a complete north-east to south-westerly diagonal in $[\lambda ]$. In particular, when $e=2$ the partition ${\mathsf{R}}(\lambda )$ is obtained from $\lambda$ by sliding nodes as high along their south-west to north-easterly diagonals as possible.
1.2. Brauer–Humphrey’s reciprocity
Given $\lambda$ an $e$-regular partition and ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\lambda )$ the corresponding simple $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$-module, we let ${\mathbf{P}}_q^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ denote its projective cover. Brauer–Humphrey’s reciprocity states that ${\mathbf{P}}_q^\mathbb{k}(\mu )$ has a Specht filtration,
such that for each $1\leqslant r\leqslant z$, we have $S_r/ S_{r-1} \cong {\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\lambda )$ for some $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$ dependent on $1\leqslant r \leqslant z$ and such that the multiplicity, $[ {\mathbf{P}}_q^\mathbb{k}(\mu ): {\mathbf{S}}_q^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )]$, in this filtration is given by
In other words, the $\lambda$th column of the decomposition matrix determines the multiplicities in a Specht filtration of ${\mathbf{P}}^\mathbb{k}_q(\lambda )$. This will be a key observation for our applications to Kronecker coefficients in Section 5.
1.3. 2-blocks
We first recall the block-structure of Hecke algebras in (quantum) characteristic $e=2$ (which will be the main case of interest in this paper). Throughout this section $e=2$ and $\mathbb{k}$ can be taken to be an arbitrary field (although we are mainly interested in the cases when $\mathbb{k}=\mathbb{C}$ or $\mathbb{k}$ is of characteristic $p=2$). The algebra $H^\mathbb{k}_{-1}(n)$ decomposes as a direct sum of primitive 2-sided ideals, called blocks. All questions concerning modular representation theory break-down block-by-block according to this decomposition: in particular each simple/Specht module belongs to a unique block.
The rim of the Young diagram of $\lambda \vdash n$ is the collection of nodes $R[\lambda ]=\{(r,c)\in [\lambda ] \mid (r+1,c+1)\not \in [\lambda ] \}$. Given $(r,c)\in [\lambda ]$, we define the associated rim-hook to be the set of nodes $h(r,c) = \{(i,j)\in R[\lambda ]\mid r\leqslant i, c\leqslant j\}$. If $|h(r,c)|=e\in \mathbb{N}$, then we refer to $h$ as a removable $e$-hook; if $e=2$ we refer to $h(r,c)$ as a removable domino. Removing $h(r,c)$ from $[\lambda ]$ gives the Young diagram $[\lambda ]\setminus h(r,c)$ of a partition of $n-e$. It is easy to see that a partition has no removable dominoes if and only if it is of the form $\rho (k)=(k,k-1,k-2,\dots ,2,1)$ for some $k\geqslant 0$, in which case we say that it is a 2-core. We let ${\mathsf{core}}(\lambda )$ denote the 2-core partition obtained by successively removing all removable dominoes from $\lambda$ (this defines a unique partition). The number of dominoes removed from $\lambda$ is referred to as the weight of the partition $\lambda$ and is denoted $w(\lambda )$. Given $k,n \in \mathbb{N}_0$, we define $B_k(n)=\{ \lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n} \mid {\mathsf{core}}(\lambda )=\rho (k)\}$ to be the corresponding combinatorial 2-block. The set $\mathscr{P}_{n}$ decomposes as the disjoint union of the non-empty $B_k(n)$. We note that it makes sense to speak of the weight of a 2-block since any two partitions in the same 2-block necessarily have the same weight. Two simple $H_{-1}^\mathbb{k}(n)$-modules (or irreducible characters of $\mathbb{C} \mathfrak{S}_n$) belong to the same 2-block if and only if their labelling partitions belong to the same combinatorial 2-block (the same is true of Specht modules).
1.4. Characters of 2-height zero
We now wish to discuss the defect groups of 2-blocks of symmetric groups and their characters of 2-height zero (see Reference JK for background and more details). Write $n =2^{a_1}+\ldots + 2^{a_s}$ where $a_1>\ldots > a_s \geqslant 0$; we set $s(n)=s$. For $m\in \mathbf{N}$, let $m_2$ be the largest 2-power dividing $m$. Then $(n!)_2 = 2^{n - s(n)}$ is the size of a Sylow 2-subgroup of $\mathfrak{S}_n$. Let $B$ be a $2$-block of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ of weight $w$; then a defect group of $B$ is isomorphic to a Sylow 2-subgroup of $\mathfrak{S}_{2w}$, and thus is of cardinality $2^{2w-s(w)}$; the number $d(B)= 2w-s(w)$ is called the defect of $B$.
We now recall the important notion of 2-height 0 characters and simple modules. First we recall the fact that the dimension of any simple module ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ or ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C} (\mu )$ belonging to a $2$-block$B$ of the symmetric group $\mathfrak{S}_n$ is divisible by $2^{n-s(n)-d(B)}$. Such a module is said to be of 2-height 0 (or just height 0 if the prime $p=2$ is fixed in the context) if this 2-power is the largest 2-power dividing its dimension. We also say that the character $\chi ^\mu$ associated to the Specht module ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C} (\mu )$ is a 2-height 0 character (or just height 0 character if the prime $p=2$ is fixed).
For the 2-block $B$, we set
$$\begin{equation*} {\mathrm{Irr}}^\mathbb{C}_0(B)= \{ \chi ^\lambda \mid \chi ^\lambda \text{ is a height 0 character of } B\}. \end{equation*}$$
Generalising an earlier result of Macdonald on characters of odd degree, a combinatorial description for the partition labels of height 0 characters was given in terms of the so-called 2-core tower by Olsson (see Reference O76Reference O93). A new characterisation was recently given in Reference GMT18, Section 3.2, again generalising an earlier version for the principal 2-block. This says that a partition $\lambda$ in a 2-block $B=B_k(n)$ of weight $w=2^{w_1}+\ldots + 2^{w_{s(w)}}$, where $w_1 > \ldots > w_{s(w)}\ge 0$, labels a height 0 character if and only if there is a sequence
of partitions such that $\lambda (i-1) \setminus \lambda (i)$ is a $2^{w_i}$ rim-hook for $i=1$, …, $s(w)$.
A formula for the number $k_0(B)$ of height 0 characters in a 2-block of weight $w$ was already given by Olsson Reference O76, and was also deduced from the description above in Reference GMT18. With $B$ and $w$ given as above, we have
Since we get this number for each 2-block, the set of height 0 characters $\chi ^\mu$ for $\mathfrak{S}_n$ constitutes quite a large class of irreducible characters.
The following theorem will be one of the key results we use later on. It says that while there are many complex characters of height 0, there is only one simple module ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ of height 0 in each 2-block.
2. KLR algebras and coloured tableaux
In this section, we assume $q$ is a primitive $e$th root of unity. Given $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and an indeterminate $t$ we define the quantum integers and quantum factorials
for all $a\geqslant b \geqslant 0$. The motivating observation for studying Hecke algebras is the following. Let $\mathbb{k}$ be a field of characteristic $p$ and let $q\in \mathbb{k}$ be an element of order $e=p$: then $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$. This gives us a way of factorising representation theoretic questions into two steps: firstly specialise the quantum parameter$q$ to be a $p$th root of unity (in $\mathbb{C}$ and compatibly in $\mathbb{k}$) and study the non-semisimple algebra $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$; then reduce modulo $p$ by studying $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)=H^\mathbb{Z}_q(n)\otimes _\mathbb{Z} \mathbb{k}$. This allows us to factorise the problem of understanding decomposition matrices as follows,
On the right-hand side of the equality we have two matrices: the first is the decomposition matrix for $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$ and the second is known as “James’ adjustment matrix”. Therefore understanding the decomposition matrix of $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$ serves as a first step toward understanding the decomposition matrix of $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$.
We now recall the manner in which the grading can be incorporated into the picture and its immense power in understanding the decomposition matrix for $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$ (and hence, by equation Equation 2.1 gives us a method for attacking the problem of calculating decomposition numbers for symmetric groups). Let $t$ be an indeterminate over $\mathbb{Z}$. The following theorem provides us with a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded presentation (which we record with respect to the indeterminate $t$) of the Hecke algebra.
The importance of Theorem 2.1 is that it allows to consider an extra, richer graded structure on the Specht modules. We now recall the definition of this grading on the tableau basis of the Specht module. Let $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$ and $\mathsf{t} \in \operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$. We let $\mathsf{t}^{-1}(k)$ denote the node in $\mathsf{t}$ containing the integer $k\in \{1,\dots ,n\}$. Given $1\leqslant k\leqslant n$, we let ${\mathcal{A}}_\mathsf{t}(k)$, (respectively ${\mathcal{R}}_\mathsf{t}(k)$) denote the set of all addable $\mathrm{res} (\mathsf{t}^{-1}(k))$-nodes (respectively all removable $\mathrm{res} (\mathsf{t}^{-1}(k))$-nodes) of the partition $\operatorname {Shape}(\mathsf{t}{\downarrow }_{\{1,\dots ,k\}})$ which are above $\mathsf{t}^{-1}(k)$, i.e. those in an earlier row. Let $\lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$ and $\mathsf{t} \in \operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$. We define the degree of $\mathsf{t}$ as follows:
and we write $e(\mathsf{t})\coloneq e (\mathrm{res}(\mathsf{t}) )\in H_q^\mathbb{k}(n)$. Let $t$ be an indeterminate over $\mathbb{N}_0$. If $M=\oplus _{z\in \mathbb{Z}}M_z$ is a free graded $\mathbb{k}$-module, then its graded dimension is the Laurent polynomial
If $M$ is a graded $H^\mathbb{k}_q(n)$-module and $k\in \mathbb{Z}$, define $M\langle k \rangle$ to be the same module with $(M\langle k \rangle )_i = M_{i-k}$ for all $i\in \mathbb{Z}$. We call this a degree shift by $k$. The graded dimensions of Specht modules admit a combinatorial description as follows:
Of course, this theorem gives us an added level of graded structure to consider: the graded decomposition numbers of symmetric groups and their Hecke algebras. By Theorem 2.2, we obtain a grading on the module ${\mathbf{D}}_q(\mu )= {\mathbf{S}}_q(\lambda )/ \mathrm{rad} ({\mathbf{S}}_q(\lambda ))$. We define the graded decomposition number to be the polynomial
which records the composition multiplicity of each simple module and its relevant degree shift. In particular upon specialisation $t\to 1$ the polynomials of equation Equation 2.3 specialise to be the usual decomposition numbers. While one might expect this grading to increase the level of difficulty of our question, we find that by keeping track of this extra grading information we are rewarded with an incredibly powerful algorithm for understanding the decomposition numbers of $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$.
Equation Equation 2.1 hints that we could first study the decomposition numbers of $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$ as an intermediary first step toward understanding the decomposition numbers of symmetric groups in positive characteristic. In fact, this approach has been incredibly successful: Lascoux, Leclerc and Thibon provided an iterative algorithm for understanding the graded decomposition numbers of $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$ in Reference LLT96. We now provide an elementary tableau-theoretic re-interpretation of this algorithm (using the work of Kleshchev and Nash Reference KN10).
2.1. Coloured tableaux
We now recast ideas from Reference KN10 in terms of orbits of tableaux which we encode as “coloured tableaux”. This “colouring” comes from the observation that each idempotent truncation of a Specht module, $e(\underline{i}) {\mathbf{S}}_q(\mu )$, has a homogeneous basis indexed by the $\mathsf{t}\in \operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$ such that $\mathrm{res}(\mathsf{t})=\underline{i} \in (\mathbb{Z}/e\mathbb{Z})^n$, by Theorem 2.2. We now develop these ideas further.
Let $\lambda$ a partition of $n$ and $\mu$ a composition of $n$. We define a Young tableau of shape $\lambda$ and weight $\mu$ to be a filling of the nodes of $\lambda$ with the entries
We say that a tableau is row standard if the entries are weakly increasing along the rows of $\lambda$; we denote the set of such tableaux by $\operatorname {RStd}(\lambda ,\mu )$. We say that the Young tableau is semistandard if the entries are weakly increasing along the rows and are strictly increasing along the columns of $\lambda$; we denote the set of such tableaux by $\operatorname {SStd}(\lambda ,\mu )$.
The importance of coloured semistandard tableaux of weight $\mu$ is that they encode an $\mathfrak{S}_{{\mathrm{Lad}}(\mu )}$-orbit of standard Young tableaux; we shall now make this idea more precise. Given a composition $\nu$ and $c\geqslant 1$, we set $[\nu ]_c= \nu _1+\nu _2+\dots + \nu _c\in \mathbb{N}$. Let $\mu$ be an $e$-regular partition and let $\mathsf{s}$ be a standard Young tableau of shape $\lambda$ such that the residue sequence of $\mathsf{s}$ is given by
for $\nu =(0,\dots ,0,1,\nu _{e+1},\dots ,\nu _\ell )={\mathrm{Lad}}(\mu )$; we refer to such an $\mathsf{s}$ as a ladder tableau of ladder weight$\mu$. Then define $\mu (\mathsf{s})$ to be the coloured tableau obtained from $\mathsf{s}$ by replacing each entry $i$ for $[{{\mathrm{Lad}}(\mu )}]_{c-1} < i \leqslant [{{\mathrm{Lad}}(\mu )}]_c$ in $\mathsf{s}$ by the entry $c$ for $c \geqslant 1$.
We identify a coloured semistandard Young tableau, $\mathsf{S}$, of weight $\mu$ with the set of standard Young tableaux, $[\mathsf{S}]_\mu =\{{\mathsf{p}} \mid \mu ({\mathsf{p}})=\mathsf{S}\}$. Given $\mathsf{S}\in \operatorname {SStd} (\lambda ,\mu )$ we let ${\mathsf{p}}^\lambda \in [\mathsf{S}]_{ \mu }$ denote the unique most dominant tableau in $[\mathsf{S}]_{ \mu }$.
For $\mu \in \mathscr{R}^{e}_{n}$, we let $\mathsf{L}^\mu$ be the unique element of ${\mathrm{CStd}}(\mu ,\mu )$.
By the above, the orbit sum $\sum _{\mathsf{t}\in \mathsf{L}^\mu }t^{\deg (\mathsf{t})}$ is invariant under the bar map interchanging $t \leftrightarrow t^{-1}$ and so we keep track of this by formally setting $\deg (\mathsf{L}^\mu )=0$. We now provide a general definition of the degree of a coloured tableau which allows us to calculate the graded characters of weight spaces of Specht modules in terms of coloured tableaux. Let $(a,b)\in \lambda \in \mathscr{P}_{n}$ be a node of residue $i\in \mathbb{Z}/e\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mu \in \mathscr{R}^{e}_{n}$,$\mathsf{S} \in {\mathrm{CStd}}(\lambda ,\mu )$. We let ${\mathcal{A}}_\mathsf{S}(a,b)$ denote the set of all addable $i$-nodes of the partition
which are above $(a,b)\in \lambda$. We then define the degree of the node $(a,b)\in \lambda$ to be $|{\mathcal{A}}_\mathsf{S}(a,b)|-|{\mathcal{R}}_\mathsf{S}(a,b)|$. We define $\deg (\mathsf{S})$ to be the sum over the degrees of all nodes $(a,b)\in \lambda$.
We have seen that the tableaux of ${\mathrm{CStd}}(\lambda ,\mu )$ are simply the orbits of tableaux from $\operatorname {Std}(\lambda )$ with a given residue sequence. Therefore, by comparing the degree function for coloured tableaux with that of standard tableaux we obtain
And so coloured standard tableaux provide a combinatorial description of the ladder-weight multiplicity as defined in Reference KN10, Section 3.3.
With our new tableaux theoretic combinatorics in place, we can recast the (LLT) algorithm from Reference KN10, Section 4 in this combinatorial setting.
We are almost ready to restate the LLT algorithm in terms of our combinatorics, we simply require two observations about the graded structure of the Hecke algebra. The first is almost trivial, but the proof of the latter depends on incredibly deep geometric or categorical insights.
Rearranging Reference KN10, Theorem 3.8 in terms of our coloured tableaux, we obtain the following relationships between coloured tableaux, simple characters, and graded decomposition numbers:
Now we set $\mathbb{k}=\mathbb{C}$. The right-hand side of the equation in Proposition 2.11$(iii)$ is calculated by induction along the dominance ordering. Any polynomial in $\mathbb{N}_0[t,t^{-1}]$ can be written uniquely as the sum of a bar-invariant polynomial from $\mathbb{N}_0[t,t^{-1}]$ and a polynomial from $t\mathbb{N}_0[t]$. Putting together Theorems 2.9 and 2.10 we deduce that the left-hand-side is uniquely determined by the right-hand-side and induction on the dominance order.
We are now ready to provide new upper bounds for (graded) decomposition numbers in terms of our coloured tableaux.
3. The Cherednik algebra and a simple criterion for semisimplicity of a Specht module
The group $\mathfrak{S}_n$ acts on the algebra, $\mathbb{C}\langle x_{1}, \dots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \dots y_{n}\rangle$, of polynomials in $2n$ non-commuting variables. The rational Cherednik algebra$\mathscr{H}_q(\mathfrak{S}_{n})$ is a quotient of the semidirect product algebra $\mathbb{C}\langle x_{1}, \dots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \dots , y_{n}\rangle \rtimes \mathfrak{S}_{n}$ by commutation relations in the $x$’s and $y$’s that are similar to those of the Weyl algebra but involve an error term in $\mathbb{C}\mathfrak{S}_n$ (see Reference EG02, Section 1 for the full list of relations). In particular, these relations tell us that the $x$’s commute with each other and so do the $y$’s. The algebra $\mathscr{H}_q(\mathfrak{S}_{n})$ has three distinguished subalgebras: $\mathbb{C}[\underline{y}] \coloneq \mathbb{C}[y_{1}, \dots , y_{n}]$,$\mathbb{C}[\underline{x}] \coloneq \mathbb{C}[x_{1}, \dots , x_{n}]$, and the group algebra $\mathbb{C}\mathfrak{S}_n$. The PBW theoremReference EG02, Theorem 1.3 asserts that multiplication gives a vector space isomorphism
called the triangular decomposition of $\mathscr{H}_q(\mathfrak{S}_{n})$, by analogy with the triangular decomposition of the universal enveloping algebra of a semisimple Lie algebra. We define the category ${\mathcal{O}}_q(\mathfrak{S}_n)$ to be the full subcategory consisting of all finitely generated $\mathscr{H}_q(\mathfrak{S}_n)$-modules on which $y_{1}$, …, $y_{n}$ act locally nilpotently. The category ${\mathcal{O}}_q(\mathfrak{S}_n)$ is a highest weight category with respect to the poset $(\mathscr{P}_{n},\vartriangleright )$. The standard modules are constructed as follows. Extend the action of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ on ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}(\lambda )$ to an action of $\mathbb{C}[\underline{y}]\rtimes \mathfrak{S}_n$ by letting $y_{1}$, …, $y_{n}$ act by $0$. The algebra $\mathbb{C}[\underline{y}] \rtimes \mathfrak{S}_n$ is a subalgebra of $\mathscr{H}_q(\mathfrak{S}_n)$ and we define the Weyl modules,
where the last equality is only as $\mathbb{C}[\underline{x}]$-modules and follows from the triangular decomposition. We let $L(\lambda )$ denote the unique irreducible quotient of $\Delta (\lambda )$. In Reference RSVV16, Theorem 7.4. (see also Reference Los16Reference Web13) it is shown that ${\mathcal{O}}_q(\mathfrak{S}_n)$ is standard Koszul. We do not recall the definition of a standard Koszul algebra here, but merely the following useful proposition. The following proposition is proven in Reference BGS96, Proposition 2.4.1 in the generality of all Koszul algebras.
Now, there exists an exact functor (the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov functor) relating the module categories of Cherednik and Hecke algebras,
This allows us to prove the following criterion for decomposability of Specht modules, denoted ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}_q(\lambda )$, for the Hecke algebra $H^\mathbb{C}_q(n)$.
4. The Hecke algebra and $2$-separated partitions
Throughout this section, we shall consider the representation theory of the Hecke algebra $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$ as a first approximation to the $2$-modular representation theory of symmetric groups. We focus on the Specht modules labelled by $2$-separated partitions. We shall prove that these modules are semisimple and decompose them as a direct sum of graded simple modules.
Before embarking on the proof, we note the following immediate corollaries.
5. Kronecker coefficients and Saxl’s conjecture
Let $\lambda ,\mu , \nu$ be partitions of $n$. For the remainder of the paper, we will let ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ denote the unquantised simple $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module. We define the Kronecker coefficients $g(\lambda ,\mu ,\nu )$ to be the coefficients in the expansion
We now recall Saxl’s conjecture concerning the positivity of these coefficients. We let $\chi ^{\lambda }$ denote the complex irreducible $\mathfrak{S}_n$-character to the partition $\lambda$ of $n$, i.e., the character of the Specht module ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}(\lambda )$.
In Reference HSTZ13, Heide, Saxl, Tiep and Zalesski verified that for almost all finite simple groups of Lie type the square of the Steinberg character contains all irreducible characters as constituents. They also conjectured that for all alternating groups there is some irreducible character with this property. For symmetric groups $\mathfrak{S}_n$ to triangular numbers $n$, Saxl then suggested the candidate $\chi ^\rho$ as stated above. Saxl’s conjecture has been attacked by algebraists and complexity theorists using a variety of combinatorial and probabilistic methods Reference Bes18Reference Ike15Reference LS17Reference PPV16. From our perspective, a particularly useful result is the following.
We let $\mathbb{k}$ be a field of characteristic 2. We keep the notation $\rho =\rho (k)$ and $n=k(k+1)/2$, and we note that ${\mathbf{D}}^\mathbb{k}(\rho )={\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}(\rho )={\mathbf{P}}^\mathbb{k}(\rho )$ is a simple projective $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module. Therefore its tensor square is also projective and decomposes as a direct sum of indecomposable projective modules labelled by 2-regular partitions; we let $G(\rho ,\rho ,\nu )$ denote the corresponding coefficients as follows
Equivalently, on the level of complex characters we have for the irreducible character $\chi ^{\rho }$ the decomposition of its square into characters $\xi ^\nu$ to projective indecomposable modules (i.e., to integral lifts of the projective modules at characteristic 2):
We wish to pass information back and forth between the 2-modular coefficients $G(\lambda ,\mu ,\nu )$ and the Kronecker coefficients $g(\lambda ,\mu ,\nu )$ in order to make headway on Saxl’s conjecture. The following observation is immediate
We first want to explain how to apply this to obtain positivity for new classes of Kronecker coefficients. Recall from Subsection 1.3 that the 2-blocks of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ are parameterized by the common 2-core of the partitions labelling the simple modules in characteristic 2 and the Specht modules in the block, together with the weight. Further recall from Subsection 1.1 that the decomposition matrix for each block is unitriangular with respect to the dominance ordering. In particular, the most dominant partition, $\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing$, in a given 2-block of weight $w$ labels a Specht module with simple reduction mod 2. Ikenmeyer’s result implies that $S^\mathbb{C}(\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )$ appears with positive multiplicity; therefore $S^\mathbb{k}(\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )$ appears as a subquotient of some projective $\mathbb{k}\mathfrak{S}_n$-module; by maximality we know that the only projective containing $S^\mathbb{k}(\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )$ as a subquotient is, in fact, $P^\mathbb{k}(\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )$ itself. Thus $P^\mathbb{k}(\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )$ appears as a direct summand in equation Equation 5.1 and so $G(\rho ,\rho ,\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing )>0$.
Hence, any non-zero entry of the first column (labelled by $\tau ^{(w)}_\varnothing$) of the 2-decomposition matrix of any 2-block corresponds to a non-zero Kronecker coefficient. This allows us to verify Kronecker positivity in Saxl’s conjecture for two new infinite families of partitions:
Since we get the large number $k_0(B)$ of height 0 irreducible characters for each 2-block $B$, this constitutes quite a large class of constituents in the Saxl square.
For the second new family, we will also need to apply our new results on Specht modules for the Hecke algebra.
For reasons that will soon become apparent, we now recall Carter’s criterion explicitly.
If $\lambda$ is a 2-regular partition, then all the rows of $\lambda$ are of distinct length. It immediately follows that $\lambda \trianglerighteq \rho$ and therefore $g(\rho ,\rho ,\lambda ) >0$. If furthermore the partition $\lambda$ satisfies Carter’s criterion, then by equation Equation 1.2 we have that ${\mathbf{P}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ is the unique projective module in which ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{k}(\lambda )$ appears as a composition factor of a Specht filtration. Putting these two statements together (in light of equation Equation 5.2) we obtain the following.
The following result is immediate by equation Equation 5.2. It is the key to all of our results on Kronecker positivity (as it relates this problem to that of determining the positivity of modular decomposition numbers) and vastly generalises Theorem 5.5.
We are now ready to use the results of Sections 3 and 4 toward the Kronecker problem.
We remark that none of the partitions above are covered by existing results in the literature. It is clear that they are not hooks or double-hooks and providing that neither $\lambda$ or $\mu$ is the empty partition, then these partitions are not comparable with $\rho (2w)$ in the dominance order (as $\tau ^\lambda _\mu$ is both wider and longer that $\rho (2w)$).
An explicit new infinite family with unbounded Kronecker coefficients is given in the following corollary.
Finally, we conclude this section by remarking that we have only used positivity of decomposition numbers for the Hecke algebra over $\mathbb{C}$. These are the easiest decomposition numbers to calculate, but only provide lower bounds for the decomposition numbers of symmetric groups.
6. More semisimple decomposable Specht modules
Semisimplicity and decomposability of Specht modules has long been a subject of major interest: the highlight being the recent progress on the classification of simple Specht modules for symmetric groups and their Hecke algebras Reference FL13Reference Jam78Reference JLM06Reference JM99Reference Fay05Reference JM96Reference Lyl07Reference JM97Reference Fay04Reference FL09Reference Fay10. Progress towards understanding the wider family of semi-simple and decomposable modules has been snail-like in comparison Reference Mur80Reference Spe14Reference CMT04Reference DF12Reference Rou08bReference FS16 and reserved solely to near-hook partitions. All examples of decomposable Specht modules discovered to date have been labelled by 2-separated partitions. Our Theorem A proves that for any 2-separated partition, the corresponding Specht module for the algebra $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$ is decomposable. It is natural to ask whether the converse is true: are all decomposable Specht modules for $H^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(n)$ and more generally $H^\mathbb{k}_{-1}(n)$ indexed by 2-separated partitions?. In Reference DF12, Section 8.2, Dodge and Fayers asked exactly this question for the symmetric group with $\operatorname {char}\mathbb{k}=2$. In this section, we provide counterexamples to this question for the Hecke algebra.
6.1. Two new infinite families of decomposable Specht modules
Given $k\in \mathbb{N}$ and $l\in 2\mathbb{N}+1$, we define $\alpha _k \vdash (k +2)^2-4$ and $\beta _l \vdash (l +2)^2-2$, respectively, to be the partitions
are decomposable for all $k\geqslant 1$ and odd $l \ge 1$. The graded composition factors of these modules for $1\leqslant k,l \leqslant 5$ can be computed with the Hecke package in GAP (and shown to be concentrated in one degree). Thus decomposability and semisimplicity can be deduced from Theorem 3.2. These provide the first examples of decomposable Specht modules indexed by partitions which are not 2-separated. Thus, while our Theorem A provides the largest family of decomposable (and semisimple) Specht modules discovered to date, it is worth noting that our list is not exhaustive.
In the arXiv Appendix, we show that both Specht modules have a direct summand equal to a (different) simple Specht module. Namely,
$$\begin{align*} &{\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}_{-1} ((k+4)^k)\cong {\mathbf{D}}_{-1}^\mathbb{C} {\left(2k+3,2k+1,2k-1,\dots ,9,7,5\right)} \text{ is a direct summand of }\\ &{\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(\alpha _{[k]}). \end{align*}$$
The proof of decomposability is not difficult, but it does involve twenty pages of extensive calculations. The basic idea is to (1) show that
by counting corresponding coloured tableaux. One hence deduces that this simple composition factor occurs exactly once as a composition factor but in both the head and the socle of ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(\alpha _{[k]})$, and thus is a direct summand. We refer the reader to the arXiv appendix for more details.
By $1$-induction, we conjecture the direct sum decomposition of ${\mathbf{S}}^\mathbb{C}_{-1}(\beta _{[l]})$.
6.2. Other decomposable Specht modules
We are indebted to Matt Fayers for sharing the following examples (which he discovered by computer) after we posited that the two families in Subsection 6.1 might be the only counterexamples to the quantised version of his question Reference DF12, Section 8.2.
We hope that the examples in Figure 9 serve as inspiration for further work towards a classification of semisimple Specht modules. Several more examples can be obtained from those in Figure 9 by $i$-induction for $i=0,1$ (analogously to Subsection 6.1) namely: $(8,7,6^2,4^2,2,1)$,$(7^3,6^3,3)$ and $(8,7^3,6^2,4,1)$. Finally we have one partition which breaks the mould: $(6,5^3,3,1)$ which is the only partition in this section not equal to its own conjugate.
6.3. Patterns
The examples of Subsections 6.1 and 6.2 do share several striking similarities. Firstly, all the examples in Subsections 6.1 and 6.2 have a direct summand which is isomorphic to a simple Specht module. Secondly, all those of Subsection 6.2 decompose as a direct sum of simples concentrated in one degree and so are semisimple by Theorem 3.2. We conjecture this is also true of the infinite families in Theorem 3.2. It is interesting to speculate whether the converse of Theorem 3.2 is also true: is semisimplicity of a Specht module equivalent to its composition factors being focused in one degree?
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Matt Fayers for helpful discussions on simple Specht modules and for sharing his extensive computer calculations which were fundamental in writing this paper. We also wish to thank Liron Speyer for playing “match-maker” in this collaboration. We are also very grateful to the referees for their helpful comments and suggestions.
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The second author would like to thank both the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Leibniz Universität Hannover for financial support and an enjoyable summer. The third author was supported by Singapore MOE Tier 2 AcRF MOE2015-T2-2-003.
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