|
From superconductors and four-manifolds to weak interactions
Author:
Edward Witten
Journal:
Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (2007), 361-391
MSC (2000):
Primary 81Q99, 53D45
Posted:
April 23, 2007
MathSciNet review:
2318156
Full-text PDF
Abstract |
References |
Similar Articles |
Additional Information
Abstract: The goal of this article is to describe the concept of ``gauge symmetry breaking'' and its applications to superconductors, four-manifold theory, and particle physics.
- 1.
P.
W. Anderson, Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass, Phys. Rev.
(2) 130 (1963), 439–442. MR 0153388
(27 #3355)
- 2.
J.
Bardeen, L.
N. Cooper, and J.
R. Schrieffer, Theory of superconductivity, Phys. Rev. (2)
108 (1957), 1175–1204. MR 0095694
(20 #2196)
- 3.
E.
B. Bogomol′nyĭ, The stability of classical
solutions, Jadernaja Fiz. 24 (1976), no. 4,
861–870 (Russian); English transl., Soviet J. Nuclear Phys.
24 (1976), no. 4, 449–454. MR 0443719
(56 #2082)
- 4.
P. A. M. Dirac, ``The Quantum Theory of the Electron,'' Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A117 (1928) 610.
- 5.
S.
K. Donaldson, Polynomial invariants for smooth four-manifolds,
Topology 29 (1990), no. 3, 257–315. MR 1066174
(92a:57035), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-9383(90)90001-Z
- 6.
F.
Englert and R.
Brout, Broken symmetry and the mass of gauge vector mesons,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964), 321–323. MR 0174314
(30 #4520)
- 7.
V. Ginzburg and L. Landau, ``On the Theory of Superconductivity,'' JETP 20 (1950) 1064-1082.
- 8.
H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, ``Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 (1974) 438-441.
- 9.
S. L. Glashow, ``Partial Symmetries of Weak Interactions,'' Nucl. Phys. 22 (1961) 579-588.
- 10.
M.
Gromov, Pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds,
Invent. Math. 82 (1985), no. 2, 307–347. MR 809718
(87j:53053), http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01388806
- 11.
LEP Electroweak Working Group, http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/.
- 12.
Peter
W. Higgs, Broken symmetries and the masses of gauge bosons,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964), 508–509. MR 0175554
(30 #5738)
- 13.
Gregory
Moore and Edward
Witten, Integration over the 𝑢-plane in Donaldson
theory, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 1 (1997), no. 2,
298–387. MR 1605636
(99k:57070)
- 14.
A.
Salam and J.
C. Ward, Electromagnetic and weak interactions, Phys. Lett.
13 (1964), 168–171. MR 0192825
(33 #1050)
- 15.
A. Salam, ``Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions,'' in N. Svartholm, ed., Elementary Particle Physics (Almqvist and Wiksells, Stockholm, 1968), 367-377.
- 16.
Julian
Schwinger, Gauge invariance and mass, Phys. Rev. (2)
125 (1962), 397–398. MR 0154597
(27 #4543)
- 17.
Alexandru
Scorpan, The wild world of 4-manifolds, American Mathematical
Society, Providence, RI, 2005. MR 2136212
(2006h:57018)
- 18.
N.
Seiberg and E.
Witten, Electric-magnetic duality, monopole condensation, and
confinement in 𝑁=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, Nuclear
Phys. B 426 (1994), no. 1, 19–52. MR 1293681
(95m:81202a), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(94)90124-4
- 19.
Clifford
Henry Taubes, Arbitrary 𝑁-vortex solutions to the first
order Ginzburg-Landau equations, Comm. Math. Phys. 72
(1980), no. 3, 277–292. MR 573986
(83c:81124)
- 20.
Clifford
Henry Taubes, The Seiberg-Witten and Gromov invariants, Math.
Res. Lett. 2 (1995), no. 2, 221–238. MR 1324704
(96a:57076)
- 21.
Clifford
Henry Taubes, Seiberg Witten and Gromov invariants for symplectic
4-manifolds, First International Press Lecture Series, vol. 2,
International Press, Somerville, MA, 2000. Edited by Richard Wentworth. MR 1798809
(2002j:53115)
- 22.
S. Weinberg, ``A Model of Leptons,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (1967) 1264.
- 23.
S. Weinberg, The Quantum Theory of Fields, volumes 1 and 2 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
- 1.
- P. W. Anderson, ``Plasmons, Gauge Invariance, and Mass,'' Phys. Rev. 130 (1962) 439-442. MR 0153388 (27:3355)
- 2.
- J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, ``Theory of Superconductivity,'' Phys. Rev. 108 (1957) 1175-1204. MR 0095694 (20:2196)
- 3.
- E. B. Bogomolny, ``Stability of Classical Solutions,'' Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 24 (1976) 449. MR 0443719 (56:2082)
- 4.
- P. A. M. Dirac, ``The Quantum Theory of the Electron,'' Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A117 (1928) 610.
- 5.
- S. Donaldson, ``Polynomial Invariants for Smooth Four-Manifolds,'' Topology 29 (1990) 257-315. MR 1066174 (92a:57035)
- 6.
- F. Englert and R. Brout, ``Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 321-3. MR 0174314 (30:4520)
- 7.
- V. Ginzburg and L. Landau, ``On the Theory of Superconductivity,'' JETP 20 (1950) 1064-1082.
- 8.
- H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, ``Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 (1974) 438-441.
- 9.
- S. L. Glashow, ``Partial Symmetries of Weak Interactions,'' Nucl. Phys. 22 (1961) 579-588.
- 10.
- M. Gromov, ``Pseudoholomorphic Curves in Symplectic Manifolds,'' Invent. Math. 82 (1985) 307-347. MR 809718 (87j:53053)
- 11.
- LEP Electroweak Working Group, http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/.
- 12.
- P. W. Higgs, ``Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 508-9. MR 0175554 (30:5738)
- 13.
- G. Moore and E. Witten, ``Integration over the
-Plane in Donaldson Theory,'' Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 1 (1998) 298-387. MR 1605636 (99k:57070)
- 14.
- A. Salam and J. Ward, ``Electromagnetic and Weak Interactions,'' Phys. Lett. 13 (1964) 168-171. MR 0192825 (33:1050)
- 15.
- A. Salam, ``Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions,'' in N. Svartholm, ed., Elementary Particle Physics (Almqvist and Wiksells, Stockholm, 1968), 367-377.
- 16.
- J. Schwinger,``Gauge Invariance and Mass,'' Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 397-8. MR 0154597 (27:4543)
- 17.
- A. Scorpan, The Wild World of 4-Manifolds (American Mathematical Society, 2005). MR 2136212 (2006h:57018)
- 18.
- N. Seiberg and E. Witten, ``Electric-Magnetic Duality, Monopole Condensation, and Confinement in
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory,'' Nucl. Phys. B426 (1994) 19-52. MR 1293681 (95m:81202a)
- 19.
- C. Taubes, ``Arbitrary
-Vortex Solutions to the First-Order Ginzburg-Landau Equations,'' Commun. Math. Phys. 72 (1980) 277-292. MR 573986 (83c:81124)
- 20.
- C. Taubes, ``The Seiberg-Witten and Gromov Invariants,'' Math. Res. Lett. 2 (1995) 221-238. MR 1324704 (96a:57076)
- 21.
- C. Taubes, Seiberg-Witten and Gromov Invariants for Symplectic 4-Manifolds (International Press, 2000). MR 1798809 (2002j:53115)
- 22.
- S. Weinberg, ``A Model of Leptons,'' Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (1967) 1264.
- 23.
- S. Weinberg, The Quantum Theory of Fields, volumes 1 and 2 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Similar Articles
Retrieve articles in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
with MSC (2000):
81Q99,
53D45
Retrieve articles in all journals
with MSC (2000):
81Q99,
53D45
Additional Information
Edward Witten
Affiliation:
School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
Email:
witten@ias.edu
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0273-0979-07-01167-6
PII:
S 0273-0979(07)01167-6
Keywords:
Superconductors,
weak interactions,
four-manifolds
Received by editor(s):
February 26, 2007
Posted:
April 23, 2007
Additional Notes:
Supported in part by NSF Grant PHY-0503584.
Article copyright:
© Copyright 2007 American Mathematical Society
|