Available in electronic format
Available in print format
Mathematics of Computation
Journal of the American Mathematical Society
ISSN 1088-6842(e) ISSN 0025-5718(p)
     

Solution of $ F(z+1)=\exp\big(F(z)\big)$ in complex $ z$-plane

Author(s): Dmitrii Kouznetsov.
Journal: Math. Comp. 78 (2009), 1647-1670.
MSC (2000): Primary 30A99; Secondary 33F99
Posted: January 6, 2009
Retrieve article in: PDF

Abstract | References | Similar articles | Additional information

Abstract: Tetration $ F$ as the analytic solution of equations $ F(z-1)=\ln(F(z))$, $ F(0)=1$ is considered. The representation is suggested through the integral equation for values of $ F$ at the imaginary axis. Numerical analysis of this equation is described. The straightforward iteration converges within tens of cycles; with double precision arithmetics, the residual of order of 1.e-14 is achieved. The numerical solution for $ F$ remains finite at the imaginary axis, approaching fixed points $ L$, $ L^{*}$ of logarithm ($ L=\ln L$). Robustness of the convergence and smallness of the residual indicate the existence of unique tetration $ F(z)$, that grows along the real axis and approaches $ L$ along the imaginary axis, being analytic in the whole complex $ z$-plane except for singularities at integer the $ z<-1$ and the cut at $ z<-2$. Application of the same method for other cases of the Abel equation is discussed.


References:

1.
P. Walker. Infinitely differentiable generalized logarithmic and exponential functions. Math. Comput., 57 (1991), 723-733. MR 1094963 (92d:33049)

2.
W. Ackermann. ``Zum Hilbertschen Aufbau der reellen Zahlen''. Mathematische Annalen 99(1928), 118-133. MR 1512441

3.
M. H. Hooshmand. ``Ultra power and ultra exponential functions''. Integral Transforms and Special Functions 17 (8), 549-558 (2006). MR 2246500 (2008b:26013)

4.
N. Bromer. Superexponentiation. Mathematics Magazine, 60 No. 3 (1987), 169-174.

5.
R. L. Goodstein. Transfinite Ordinals in Recursive Number Theory. J. of Symbolic Logic, 12, (1947), pp. 123-129. MR 0022537 (9:221d)

6.
M. Abramovitz, I. Stegun. 1970. Table of special functions. National Bureau of Standards, NY.

7.
I. S. Gradshteyn, I.M.Ryshik, 1980. Tables of Integrals, Series and Products. Academic, NY.

8.
A. Knoebel. ``Exponentials Reiterated.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 88 (1981), 235-252. MR 610484 (82e:26004)

9.
I. N. Baker, P.J. Rippon, ``A Note on Complex Iteration.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 92 (1985), 501-504. MR 801229 (86m:30024)

10.
J. F. MacDonnell, Some critical points of the hyperpower function $ x^{x^{...^{x}}}$ International Journal of Mathematical Education, 1989, 20 no. 2, 297-305. MR 994348 (90d:26003)

11.
H. Kneser. ``Reelle analytische Lösungen der Gleichung $ \varphi(\varphi(x))=\mathrm{e}^{x}$ und verwandter Funktionalgleichungen''. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 187 (1950), 56-67. MR 0035385 (11:726e)

12.
R. Isaacs. Iterates of fractional order. Canad. J. Math. 2 (1950), 409-416. MR 0040560 (12:712c)

13.
J. Laitochová. Group iteration for Abelõs functional equation. Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems 1(2007), 95-102. MR 2340265 (2008c:39032)

14.
G. Belitskii, Yu. Lubish ``The real-analytic solutions of the Abel functional equations''. Studia Mathematica 134(1999), 135-141. MR 1688221 (2000f:39022)

15.
J. Kobza, Iterative functional equation $ x(x(t))=f(t)$ with $ f(t)$ piecewise linear. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 115 (2000), 331-347. MR 1747229 (2001g:39048)

16.
M. Kuczma, On the functional equation. Ann. Polon. Math. 11 (1961) 161-175. MR 0131681 (24:A1529)

17.
J. C. Lillo, The functional equation $ f^n(x) = g(x)$. Arkiv för Mat. 5 (1965), 357-361. MR 0217468 (36:557)

18.
G. Arfken, ``Cauchy's Integral Formula''. no. 6.4 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed., Orlando, FL, Academic Press, pp. 371-376, 1985.

19.
W. Kaplan, ``Cauchy's Integral Formula''. no. 9.9 in Advanced Calculus, 4th ed., Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, pp. 598-599, 1991.

20.
K. Knopp, ``Cauchy's Integral Formulas''. Ch. 5 in Theory of Functions Parts I and II, Two Volumes Bound as One, Part I. New York, Dover, pp. 61-66, 1996.

21.
S. G. Krantz, ``The Cauchy Integral Theorem and Formula''. no. 2.3 in Handbook of Complex Variables. Boston, MA, Birkhäuser, pp. 26-29, 1999.

22.
Morse, P. M. and Feshbach, H. Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part I. New York: McGraw-Hill, (1953), pp. 367-372. MR 0059774 (15:583h)

23.
F. S. Woods, ``Cauchy's Theorem''. no. 146 in Advanced Calculus: A Course Arranged with Special Reference to the Needs of Students of Applied Mathematics. Boston, MA, Ginn, pp. 352-353, 1926.

24.
K. Atkinson. An Automatic Program for Linear Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 2 (1976), 1403-1413. MR 0418489 (54:6528)

25.
N. K. Albov. On a criterion for solvability of Fredholm equations. Math. USSR Sb. 55 (1986), 113-119. MR 791320 (87c:47015)

26.
J. Guy, B. Mangeot and A. Sales. Solutions for Fredholm equations through nonlinear iterative processes. J. Phys. A 17 (1983), 1403-1413. MR 748773 (86e:65177)

27.
W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge University Press. 1992. MR 1201159 (93i:65001b)

28.
D. Kouznetsov. Portrait of the analytic extension of the 4th Ackermann finction in the complex plane. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Image:Analytic4thAckermannFunction00.jpg


Similar Articles:

Retrieve articles in Mathematics of Computation with MSC (2000): 30A99, 33F99

Retrieve articles in all Journals with MSC (2000): 30A99, 33F99


Additional Information:

Dmitrii Kouznetsov
Affiliation: Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofushi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
Email: dima@ils.uec.ac.jp

DOI: 10.1090/S0025-5718-09-02188-7
PII: S 0025-5718(09)02188-7
Received by editor(s): March 17, 2008
Received by editor(s) in revised form: June 20, 2008
Posted: January 6, 2009
Copyright of article: Copyright 2009, American Mathematical Society
The copyright for this article reverts to public domain after 28 years from publication.


  AMS Website Logo Small Comments: webmaster@ams.org
© Copyright 2009, American Mathematical Society
Privacy Statement
Search the AMSPowered by Google