AMS eBook CollectionsOne of the world's most respected mathematical collections, available in digital format for your library or institution
Gradings on Simple Lie Algebras
About this Title
Alberto Elduque, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain and Mikhail Kochetov, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
Publication: Mathematical Surveys and Monographs
Publication Year:
2013; Volume 189
ISBNs: 978-0-8218-9846-8 (print); 978-1-4704-0995-1 (online)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1090/surv/189
MathSciNet review: 3087174
MSC: Primary 17B20; Secondary 17B70
Table of Contents
Download chapters as PDF
Front/Back Matter
Chapters
- Introduction
- 1. Gradings on algebras
- 2. Associative algebras
- 3. Classical Lie algebras
- 4. Composition algebras and type $G_2$
- 5. Jordan algebras and type $F_4$
- 6. Other simple Lie algebras in characteristic zero
- 7. Lie algebras of Cartan type in prime characteristic
- Appendix A. Affine group schemes
- Appendix B. Irreducible root systems
- Pablo Alberca Bjerregaard, Alberto Elduque, Cándido Martín González, and Francisco José Navarro Márquez, On the Cartan-Jacobson theorem, J. Algebra 250 (2002), no. 2, 397–407. MR 1899296, DOI 10.1006/jabr.2001.9084
- Bruce Allison, Georgia Benkart, and Yun Gao, Lie algebras graded by the root systems $BC_r,\ r\ge 2$, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 158 (2002), no. 751, x+158. MR 1902499, DOI 10.1090/memo/0751
- B. N. Allison and J. R. Faulkner, Nonassociative coefficient algebras for Steinberg unitary Lie algebras, J. Algebra 161 (1993), no. 1, 1–19. MR 1245840, DOI 10.1006/jabr.1993.1202
- A. V. Alekseevskiĭ, Jordan finite commutative subgroups of simple complex Lie groups, Funkcional. Anal. i Priložen. 8 (1974), no. 4, 1–4. MR 0379748 (52 \#653)
- Helena Albuquerque and Shahn Majid, Quasialgebra structure of the octonions, J. Algebra 220 (1999), no. 1, 188–224. MR 1713433, DOI 10.1006/jabr.1998.7850
- Harry Prince Allen and Moss Eisenberg Sweedler, A theory of linear descent based upon Hopf algebraic techniques, J. Algebra 12 (1969), 242–294. MR 242906, DOI 10.1016/0021-8693(69)90051-9
- Y. Bahturin, Group gradings on free algebras of nilpotent varieties of algebras, Serdica Math. J. 38 (2012), 1–6.
- Y. Bahturin and M. Brešar, Lie gradings on associative algebras, J. Algebra 321 (2009), no. 1, 264–283. MR 2469360 (2009k:16081)
- K. I. Beidar, M. Brešar, M. A. Chebotar, and W. S. Martindale, 3rd, On Herstein’s Lie map conjectures. I, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), no. 10, 4235–4260 (electronic). MR 1837230 (2002e:16049)
- —, On Herstein’s Lie map conjectures. II, J. Algebra 238 (2001), no. 1, 239–264. MR 1822191 (2002e:16050)
- —, On Herstein’s Lie map conjectures. III, J. Algebra 249 (2002), no. 1, 59–94. MR 1887985 (2003c:16042)
- Yuri Bahturin, Matej Brešar, and Mikhail Kochetov, Group gradings on finitary simple Lie algebras, Internat. J. Algebra Comput. 22 (2012), no. 5, 1250046, 46. MR 2949212, DOI 10.1142/S0218196712500464
- Matej Brešar, Mikhail A. Chebotar, and Wallace S. Martindale III, Functional identities, Frontiers in Mathematics, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2007. MR 2332350
- Y. Bahturin and A. Giambruno, Group grading on associative algebras with involution, Canad. Math. Bull. 51 (2008), no. 2, 182–194. MR 2414206 (2010c:16044)
- Y. Bahturin and M. Goze, $Z_ 2\times Z_ 2$-symmetric spaces, Pacific J. Math. 236 (2008), no. 1, 1–21. MR 2398984 (2009c:17052)
- Y. Bahturin and M. Kochetov, Group gradings on the Lie algebra $\mathfrak {psl}_ n$ in positive characteristic, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 213 (2009), no. 9, 1739–1749. MR 2518173 (2010c:17025)
- Yuri Bahturin and Mikhail Kochetov, Classification of group gradings on simple Lie algebras of types $\scr A,\scr B,\scr C$ and $\scr D$, J. Algebra 324 (2010), no. 11, 2971–2989. MR 2732982, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2010.03.003
- Yuri Bahturin and Mikhail Kochetov, Group gradings on restricted Cartan-type Lie algebras, Pacific J. Math. 253 (2011), no. 2, 289–319. MR 2878812, DOI 10.2140/pjm.2011.253.289
- Y. Bahturin, M. Kochetov, and S. Montgomery, Group gradings on simple Lie algebras in positive characteristic, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137 (2009), no. 4, 1245–1254. MR 2465646 (2009j:17027)
- Yuly Billig and Michael Lau, Thin coverings of modules, J. Algebra 316 (2007), no. 1, 147–173. MR 2354857, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2007.01.002
- S. Berman and R. V. Moody, Lie algebras graded by finite root systems and the intersection matrix algebras of Slodowy, Invent. Math. 108 (1992), no. 2, 323–347. MR 1161095, DOI 10.1007/BF02100608
- Y. Bahturin and S. Montgomery, PI-envelopes of Lie superalgebras, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 127 (1999), no. 10, 2829–2839. MR 1600092 (2000a:17029)
- Nicolas Bourbaki, Lie groups and Lie algebras. Chapters 1–3, Elements of Mathematics (Berlin), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. Translated from the French; Reprint of the 1989 English translation. MR 1728312
- Nicolas Bourbaki, Lie groups and Lie algebras. Chapters 4–6, Elements of Mathematics (Berlin), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002. Translated from the 1968 French original by Andrew Pressley. MR 1890629, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-89394-3
- Yuri Bahturin and Dušan Pagon, Classifying simple color Lie superalgebras, Algebras, representations and applications, Contemp. Math., vol. 483, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2009, pp. 37–54. MR 2497949, DOI 10.1090/conm/483/09433
- Yuri Bahturin and Ivan Shestakov, Gradings of simple Jordan algebras and their relation to the gradings of simple associative algebras, Comm. Algebra 29 (2001), no. 9, 4095–4102. Special issue dedicated to Alexei Ivanovich Kostrikin. MR 1857029, DOI 10.1081/AGB-100105990
- C. H. Barton and A. Sudbery, Magic squares and matrix models of Lie algebras, Adv. Math. 180 (2003), no. 2, 596–647. MR 2020553, DOI 10.1016/S0001-8708(03)00015-X
- Y. A. Bahturin, S. K. Sehgal, and M. V. Zaicev, Group gradings on associative algebras, J. Algebra 241 (2001), no. 2, 677–698. MR 1843319 (2002h:16067)
- Y. A. Bahturin, I. P. Shestakov, and M. V. Zaicev, Gradings on simple Jordan and Lie algebras, J. Algebra 283 (2005), no. 2, 849–868. MR 2111225 (2005i:17038)
- Y. A. Bahturin and M. V. Tvalavadze, Group gradings on $G_ 2$, Comm. Algebra 37 (2009), no. 3, 885–893. MR 2503183 (2010a:17021)
- Richard E. Block and Robert Lee Wilson, Classification of the restricted simple Lie algebras, J. Algebra 114 (1988), no. 1, 115–259. MR 931904, DOI 10.1016/0021-8693(88)90216-5
- Georgia Benkart and Efim Zelmanov, Lie algebras graded by finite root systems and intersection matrix algebras, Invent. Math. 126 (1996), no. 1, 1–45. MR 1408554, DOI 10.1007/s002220050087
- Y. A. Bahturin and M. V. Zaicev, Group gradings on matrix algebras, Canad. Math. Bull. 45 (2002), no. 4, 499–508, Dedicated to Robert V. Moody. MR 1941224 (2003h:16046)
- —, Graded algebras and graded identities, Polynomial identities and combinatorial methods (Pantelleria, 2001), Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., vol. 235, Dekker, New York, 2003, pp. 101–139. MR 2021796 (2005a:16059)
- —, Group gradings on simple Lie algebras of type “$A$”, J. Lie Theory 16 (2006), no. 4, 719–742. MR 2270657 (2007i:17037)
- —, Involutions on graded matrix algebras, J. Algebra 315 (2007), no. 2, 527–540. MR 2351876 (2008h:16027)
- Yuri Bahturin and Mikhail Zaicev, Gradings on simple algebras of finitary matrices, J. Algebra 324 (2010), no. 6, 1279–1289. MR 2671805, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2010.05.008
- P. Cartier, Groupes algébriques et groupes formels, Colloq. Théorie des Groupes Algébriques (Bruxelles, 1962), Librairie Universitaire, Louvain, 1962, pp. 87–111. MR 0148665 (26 \#6172)
- C. Chevalley, Sur certains groupes simples, Tohoku Math. J. (2) 7 (1955), 14–66 (French). MR 73602, DOI 10.2748/tmj/1178245104
- S. P. Demuškin, Cartan subalgebras of the simple Lie $p$-algebras $W_{n}$ and $S_{n}$, Sibirsk. Mat. Ž. 11 (1970), 310–325 (Russian). MR 0262310
- S. P. Demuškin, Cartan subalgebras of simple non-classical Lie $p$-algebras, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 36 (1972), 915–932 (Russian). MR 0327854
- Michel Demazure and Peter Gabriel, Introduction to algebraic geometry and algebraic groups, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, vol. 39, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-New York, 1980. Translated from the French by J. Bell. MR 563524
- J. Dieudonné, Introduction to the theory of formal groups, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1973, Pure and Applied Mathematics, 20. MR 0332802 (48 \#11128)
- John D. Dixon and Brian Mortimer, Permutation groups, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 163, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996. MR 1409812, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0731-3
- C. Draper and C. Martín, Gradings on $\mathfrak {g}_ 2$, Linear Algebra Appl. 418 (2006), no. 1, 85–111. MR 2257580 (2007e:17026)
- Cristina Draper Fontanals and Cándido Martín González, Gradings on the Albert algebra and on $\mathfrak {f}_4$, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 25 (2009), no. 3, 841–908. MR 2590049
- Cristina Draper Fontanals, A non-computational approach to the gradings on $\mathfrak {f}_4$, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 28 (2012), no. 1, 273–296. MR 2904141, DOI 10.4171/RMI/677
- Cristina Draper, Cándido Martín, and Antonio Viruel, Fine gradings on the Lie algebra $\mathfrak {d}_4$, Forum Math. 22 (2010), no. 5, 863–877. MR 2719760, DOI 10.1515/FORUM.2010.046
- Cristina Draper and Antonio Viruel, Group gradings on ${\mathfrak {o}}(8,\Bbb C)$, Rep. Math. Phys. 61 (2008), no. 2, 265–280. MR 2424094, DOI 10.1016/S0034-4877(08)80015-8
- —, Fine gradings on $\mathfrak e_6$, 2012.
- Alberto Elduque and Mikhail Kochetov, Gradings on the exceptional Lie algebras $F_4$ and $G_2$ revisited, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 28 (2012), no. 3, 773–813. MR 2949619, DOI 10.4171/RMI/691
- Alberto Elduque and Mikhail Kochetov, Weyl groups of fine gradings on matrix algebras, octonions and the Albert algebra, J. Algebra 366 (2012), 165–186. MR 2942648, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2012.05.008
- —, Weyl groups of fine gradings on simple Lie algebras of types $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$, Serdica Math. J. 38 (2012), 7–36.
- Richard Elman, Nikita Karpenko, and Alexander Merkurjev, The algebraic and geometric theory of quadratic forms, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, vol. 56, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2008. MR 2427530, DOI 10.1090/coll/056
- Alberto Elduque, Symmetric composition algebras, J. Algebra 196 (1997), no. 1, 282–300. MR 1474173, DOI 10.1006/jabr.1997.7071
- —, Gradings on octonions, J. Algebra 207 (1998), no. 1, 342–354. MR 1643126 (99g:17055)
- Alberto Elduque, On triality and automorphisms and derivations of composition algebras, Linear Algebra Appl. 314 (2000), no. 1-3, 49–74. MR 1769014, DOI 10.1016/S0024-3795(00)00105-1
- Alberto Elduque, The magic square and symmetric compositions, Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 20 (2004), no. 2, 475–491. MR 2073128, DOI 10.4171/RMI/397
- —, A Lie grading which is not a semigroup grading, Linear Algebra Appl. 418 (2006), no. 1, 312–314. MR 2257598 (2007g:17030)
- Alberto Elduque, New simple Lie superalgebras in characteristic 3, J. Algebra 296 (2006), no. 1, 196–233. MR 2192604, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2005.06.014
- —, Gradings on symmetric composition algebras, J. Algebra 322 (2009), no. 10, 3542–3579. MR 2568352
- —, Jordan gradings on exceptional simple Lie algebras, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137 (2009), no. 12, 4007–4017. MR 2538561
- —, More non-semigroup Lie gradings, Linear Algebra Appl. 431 (2009), no. 9, 1603–1606. MR 2555061
- Alberto Elduque, Fine gradings on simple classical Lie algebras, J. Algebra 324 (2010), no. 12, 3532–3571. MR 2735398, DOI 10.1016/j.jalgebra.2010.09.018
- —, Fine gradings and gradings by root systems on simple Lie algebras, 2013.
- Alberto Elduque and Hyo Chul Myung, On Okubo algebras, From symmetries to strings: forty years of Rochester Conferences (Rochester, NY, 1990) World Sci. Publ., River Edge, NJ, 1990, pp. 299–310. MR 1167011
- Alberto Elduque and Hyo Chul Myung, Flexible composition algebras and Okubo algebras, Comm. Algebra 19 (1991), no. 4, 1197–1227. MR 1102335, DOI 10.1080/00927879108824198
- Alberto Elduque and Hyo Chul Myung, On flexible composition algebras, Comm. Algebra 21 (1993), no. 7, 2481–2505. MR 1218509, DOI 10.1080/00927879308824688
- Alberto Elduque and José María Pérez, Composition algebras with associative bilinear form, Comm. Algebra 24 (1996), no. 3, 1091–1116. MR 1374659, DOI 10.1080/00927879608825625
- Alberto Elduque and José María Pérez, Infinite-dimensional quadratic forms admitting composition, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 125 (1997), no. 8, 2207–2216. MR 1376759, DOI 10.1090/S0002-9939-97-03799-4
- V. T. Filippov, Central simple Mal′cev algebras, Algebra i Logika 15 (1976), no. 2, 235–242, 246 (Russian). MR 0470009
- Hans Freudenthal, Lie groups in the foundations of geometry, Advances in Math. 1 (1964), no. fasc. 2, 145–190. MR 170974, DOI 10.1016/0001-8708(65)90038-1
- Robert L. Griess Jr., A Moufang loop, the exceptional Jordan algebra, and a cubic form in $27$ variables, J. Algebra 131 (1990), no. 1, 281–293. MR 1055009, DOI 10.1016/0021-8693(90)90176-O
- Larry C. Grove, Classical groups and geometric algebra, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 39, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2002. MR 1859189, DOI 10.1090/gsm/039
- Wim H. Hesselink, Special and pure gradings of Lie algebras, Math. Z. 179 (1982), no. 1, 135–149. MR 643052, DOI 10.1007/BF01173920
- M. Havlíček, J. Patera, and E. Pelantová, On Lie gradings. II, Linear Algebra Appl. 277 (1998), no. 1-3, 97–125. MR 1624532 (99d:17032)
- —, On Lie gradings. III. Gradings of the real forms of classical Lie algebras, Linear Algebra Appl. 314 (2000), no. 1-3, 1–47. MR 1769013 (2001g:17042)
- J. E. Humphreys, Linear algebraic groups, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 21. MR 0396773 (53 \#633)
- —, Introduction to Lie algebras and representation theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 9, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978, Second printing, revised. MR 499562 (81b:17007)
- E. Inonu and E. P. Wigner, On the contraction of groups and their representations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39 (1953), 510–524. MR 55352, DOI 10.1073/pnas.39.6.510
- N. Jacobson, Structure of rings, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, Vol. 37. Revised edition, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I., 1964. MR 0222106 (36 \#5158)
- —, Structure and representations of Jordan algebras, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, Vol. XXXIX, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I., 1968. MR 0251099 (40 \#4330)
- —, Lie algebras, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1979, Republication of the 1962 original. MR 559927 (80k:17001)
- Nathan Jacobson, Basic algebra. II, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1989. MR 1009787
- Jens Carsten Jantzen, Representations of algebraic groups, 2nd ed., Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 107, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2003. MR 2015057
- V. G. Kac, Graded Lie algebras and symmetric spaces, Funkcional. Anal. i Priložen. 2 (1968), no. 2, 93–94. MR 0231944 (38 \#270)
- —, Infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, third ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. MR 1104219 (92k:17038)
- I. L. Kantor, Classification of irreducible transitive differential groups, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 158 (1964), 1271–1274 (Russian). MR 0175941
- M.-A. Knus, A. Merkurjev, M. Rost, and J.-P. Tignol, The book of involutions, American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications, vol. 44, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1998, With a preface in French by J. Tits. MR 1632779 (2000a:16031)
- Max Koecher, Imbedding of Jordan algebras into Lie algebras. I, Amer. J. Math. 89 (1967), 787–816. MR 214631, DOI 10.2307/2373242
- Alexei I. Kostrikin and Phạm Hũ’u Tiệp, Orthogonal decompositions and integral lattices, De Gruyter Expositions in Mathematics, vol. 15, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1994. MR 1308713, DOI 10.1515/9783110901757
- Michael I. Kuznetsov and Vladimir A. Yakovlev, Elementary proof of Demuskin’s theorem in tori in special Lie $p$-algebras of Cartan type, Comm. Algebra 25 (1997), no. 12, 3979–3983. MR 1481581, DOI 10.1080/00927879708826101
- J. M. Landsberg and L. Manivel, Triality, exceptional Lie algebras and Deligne dimension formulas, Adv. Math. 171 (2002), no. 1, 59–85. MR 1933384, DOI 10.1006/aima.2002.2071
- Joseph M. Landsberg and Laurent Manivel, Representation theory and projective geometry, Algebraic transformation groups and algebraic varieties, Encyclopaedia Math. Sci., vol. 132, Springer, Berlin, 2004, pp. 71–122. MR 2090671, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-05652-3_{6}
- Ottmar Loos, Jordan pairs, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 460, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1975. MR 0444721
- R. A. Liebler and J. E. Yellen, In search of nonsolvable groups of central type, Pacific J. Math. 82 (1979), no. 2, 485–492. MR 551705 (81g:20018)
- Kevin McCrimmon, A taste of Jordan algebras, Universitext, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2004. MR 2014924
- Jason Melvin McGraw, Group Gradings on Simple Lie Algebras of Cartan and Melikyan Type, ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, 2010. Thesis (D.Sc.)–Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada). MR 2822009
- Jason McGraw, Gradings by finite groups of the Witt algebra, Comm. Algebra 39 (2011), no. 3, 947–954. MR 2782576, DOI 10.1080/00927870903337943
- S. Montgomery, Hopf algebras and their actions on rings, CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, vol. 82, Published for the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, DC, 1993. MR 1243637 (94i:16019) *15pt
- R. V. Moody and J. Patera, Discrete and continuous graded contractions of representations of Lie algebras, J. Phys. A 24 (1991), no. 10, 2227–2257. MR 1118531
- E. Neher, Review to the paper “a Moufang loop, the exceptional Jordan algebra, and a cubic form in $27$ variables”, by r.l. griess jr., journal of algebra 131 (1990), no. 1, 281-293, 1991.
- Constantin Năstăsescu and Freddy Van Oystaeyen, Methods of graded rings, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1836, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004. MR 2046303, DOI 10.1007/b94904
- S. Okubo, Pseudo-quaternion and pseudo-octonion algebras, Hadronic J. 1 (1978), no. 4, 1250–1278. MR 510100 (80a:17004)
- Susumu Okubo, Introduction to octonion and other non-associative algebras in physics, Montroll Memorial Lecture Series in Mathematical Physics, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. MR 1356224, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511524479
- Susumu Okubo and J. Marshall Osborn, Algebras with nondegenerate associative symmetric bilinear forms permitting composition, Comm. Algebra 9 (1981), no. 12, 1233–1261. MR 618901, DOI 10.1080/00927878108822644
- Susumu Okubo and J. Marshall Osborn, Algebras with nondegenerate associative symmetric bilinear forms permitting composition, Comm. Algebra 9 (1981), no. 12, 1233–1261. MR 618901, DOI 10.1080/00927878108822644
- A. L. Onishchik, E. B. Vinberg, and V. V. Gorbatsevich, Lie groups and Lie algebras III. Structure of Lie groups and Lie algebras. Transl. from the Russian by V. Minachin., Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, vol. 41, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994, (Translation from “Itogi Nauki Tekh., Ser. Sovrem. Probl. Mat., Fundam. Napravleniya 41 (1990)”.).
- Holger P. Petersson, Eine Identität fünften Grades, der gewisse Isotope von Kompositions-Algebren genügen, Math. Z. 109 (1969), 217–238 (German). MR 242910, DOI 10.1007/BF01111407
- J. Patera and H. Zassenhaus, On Lie gradings. I, Linear Algebra Appl. 112 (1989), 87–159. MR 976333 (90h:17048)
- Alex Rosenberg and Daniel Zelinsky, Automorphisms of separable algebras, Pacific J. Math. 11 (1961), 1109–1117. MR 148709
- M. Scheunert, Generalized Lie algebras, J. Math. Phys. 20 (1979), no. 4, 712–720. MR 529734 (80f:17007)
- Richard D. Schafer, An introduction to nonassociative algebras, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1995. Corrected reprint of the 1966 original. MR 1375235
- G. B. Seligman, Modular Lie algebras, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Band 40, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, 1967. MR 0245627
- Jean-Pierre Serre, Sous-groupes finis des groupes de Lie, Astérisque 266 (2000), Exp. No. 864, 5, 415–430 (French, with French summary). Séminaire Bourbaki, Vol. 1998/99. MR 1772682
- Jean-Pierre Serre, Lie algebras and Lie groups, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1500, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006. 1964 lectures given at Harvard University; Corrected fifth printing of the second (1992) edition. MR 2179691
- Helmut Strade and Rolf Farnsteiner, Modular Lie algebras and their representations, Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 116, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1988. MR 929682
- S. M. Skryabin, Modular Lie algebras of Cartan type over algebraically non-closed fields. II, Comm. Algebra 23 (1995), no. 4, 1403–1453. MR 1317407, DOI 10.1080/00927879508825286
- S. Skryabin, On the automorphism group schemes of Lie algebras of Witt type, Comm. Algebra 29 (2001), no. 9, 4047–4077. Special issue dedicated to Alexei Ivanovich Kostrikin. MR 1857027, DOI 10.1081/AGB-100105988
- Oleg N. Smirnov, Simple associative algebras with finite $\mathbf Z$-grading, J. Algebra 196 (1997), no. 1, 171–184. MR 1474168, DOI 10.1006/jabr.1997.7087
- Oleg N. Smirnov, Finite $\textbf {Z}$-gradings of Lie algebras and symplectic involutions, J. Algebra 218 (1999), no. 1, 246–275. MR 1704686, DOI 10.1006/jabr.1999.7880
- Robert Steinberg, Automorphisms of classical Lie algebras, Pacific J. Math. 11 (1961), 1119–1129. MR 143845
- Helmut Strade, Simple Lie algebras over fields of positive characteristic. I, De Gruyter Expositions in Mathematics, vol. 38, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 2004. Structure theory. MR 2059133, DOI 10.1515/9783110197945
- Helmut Strade, Simple Lie algebras over fields of positive characteristic. II, De Gruyter Expositions in Mathematics, vol. 42, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 2009. Classifying the absolute toral rank two case. MR 2573283, DOI 10.1515/9783110203059
- Tonny A. Springer and Ferdinand D. Veldkamp, Octonions, Jordan algebras and exceptional groups, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000. MR 1763974, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12622-6
- M. Svobodová, Fine gradings of low-rank complex Lie algebras and of their real forms, SIGMA Symmetry Integrability Geom. Methods Appl. 4 (2008), Paper 039, 13. MR 2393288 (2009b:17068)
- Moss Eisenberg Sweedler, Hopf algebras with one grouplike element, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 127 (1967), 515–526. MR 210748, DOI 10.1090/S0002-9947-1967-0210748-5
- —, Hopf algebras, Mathematics Lecture Note Series, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1969. MR 0252485 (40 \#5705)
- J. G. Thompson, A conjugacy theorem for $E_{8}$, J. Algebra 38 (1976), no. 2, 525–530. MR 399193, DOI 10.1016/0021-8693(76)90235-0
- J. Tits, Une classe d’algèbres de Lie en relation avec les algèbres de Jordan, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser. A 65 = Indag. Math. 24 (1962), 530–535 (French). MR 0146231
- J. Tits, Algèbres alternatives, algèbres de Jordan et algèbres de Lie exceptionnelles. I. Construction, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser. A 69 = Indag. Math. 28 (1966), 223–237 (French). MR 0219578
- E. B. Vinberg, A construction of exceptional simple lie groups (russian), Tr. Semin. Vektorn. Tensorn. Anal. 13 (1966), 7–9.
- E. B. Vinberg, Short $\textrm {SO}_3$-structures on simple Lie algebras and associated quasielliptic planes, Lie groups and invariant theory, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2, vol. 213, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2005, pp. 243–270. MR 2140726, DOI 10.1090/trans2/213/16
- W. C. Waterhouse, Automorphism schemes and forms of Witt Lie algebras, J. Algebra 17 (1971), 34–40. MR 0274542 (43 \#305)
- —, Introduction to affine group schemes, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 66, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979. MR 547117 (82e:14003)
- William C. Waterhouse, Automorphisms and twisted forms of generalized Witt Lie algebras, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 327 (1991), no. 1, 185–200. MR 1038018, DOI 10.1090/S0002-9947-1991-1038018-X
- Robert A. Wilson, On the compact real form of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak {g}_2$, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 148 (2010), no. 1, 87–91. MR 2575374, DOI 10.1017/S030500410999020X
- Kiyosi Yamaguti and Hiroshi Asano, On the Freudenthal’s construction of exceptional Lie algebras, Proc. Japan Acad. 51 (1975), no. 4, 253–258. MR 374212
- J. Yu, Maximal abelian subgroups of compact simple lie groups, 2012.
- E. I. Zel′manov, Lie algebras with finite gradation, Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 124(166) (1984), no. 3, 353–392. MR 752226 (86d:17016)
- È. M. Žmud′, Symplectic geometries on finite abelian groups, Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 86(128) (1971), 9–33 (Russian). MR 0292962
- A. A. Zolotykh, Commutation factors and varieties of associative algebras, Fundam. Prikl. Mat. 3 (1997), no. 2, 453–468 (Russian, with English and Russian summaries). MR 1793455
- A. A. Zolotykh, Classification of projective representations of finite abelian groups, Vestnik Moskov. Univ. Ser. I Mat. Mekh. 3 (2002), 3–10, 70 (Russian, with Russian summary); English transl., Moscow Univ. Math. Bull. 57 (2002), no. 3, 1–8 (2003). MR 1934067
- K. A. Zhevlakov, A. M. Slin′ko, I. P. Shestakov, and A. I. Shirshov, Rings that are nearly associative, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 104, Academic Press, Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers], New York-London, 1982. Translated from the Russian by Harry F. Smith. MR 668355
- A. A. Zolotykh and P. A. Zolotykh, Finite gradings of special linear Lie algebras, Fundam. Prikl. Mat. 16 (2010), no. 8, 163–187 (Russian, with English and Russian summaries); English transl., J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.) 185 (2012), no. 2, 282–299. MR 2869837, DOI 10.1007/s10958-012-0914-0